{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:20:33Z","timestamp":1791912033140,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan","award":["2016YFC0801002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0801002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Chinese National Natural Science Foundation Projects","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#61502491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#61502491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Chinese National Natural Science Foundation Projects","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#61473291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#61473291"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Chinese National Natural Science Foundation Projects","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#61572501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#61572501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Chinese National Natural Science Foundation Projects","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#61572536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#61572536"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Chinese National Natural Science Foundation Projects","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#61673052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#61673052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Fund of Macau","award":["112\/2014\/A3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112\/2014\/A3"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Fund of Macau","award":["151\/2017\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["151\/2017\/A"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Fund of Macau","award":["152\/2017\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["152\/2017\/A"]}]},{"name":"NVIDIA GPU donation program and AuthenMetric R&D Funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2017.2779808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]],"date-time":"2017-12-04T19:21:10Z","timestamp":1512415270000},"page":"2610-2623","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Efficient Group-n Encoding and Decoding for Facial Age Estimation"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8501-4123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zichang","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4735-2885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0791-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruicong","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9583-0055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guodong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stan Z.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2016.95"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"203","article-title":"Age estimation based on a single network with soft softmax of aging modeling","author":"tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Asian Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2008.924280","article-title":"Image-based human age estimation by manifold learning and locally adjusted robust regression","volume":"17","author":"guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1180639.1180711"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.927467"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2003.817091"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2014.764"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automatic age classification with LBP","author":"g\u00fcnay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc 23rd Int Symp Comput Inf Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01793-3_14"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2007.4284917"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"1","article-title":"ChaLearn looking at people 2015 challenges: Action spotting and cultural event recognition","author":"baro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comp Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition","author":"simonyan","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chalearn looking at people 2015: Apparent age and cultural event recognition datasets and results","author":"escalera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Comput Vis Workshops"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1997.0549","article-title":"Age classification from facial images","volume":"74","author":"young hokwon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Comput Vis Image Understanding"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/PBSP010E"},{"key":"ref1","author":"jain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Handbook of Face Recognition"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"55.1","article-title":"Automatic age estimation from face images via deep ranking","author":"yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Brit Mach Vis Conf"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Class imbalance problem in data mining review","author":"longadge","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"4920","article-title":"Ordinal regression with multiple output CNN for age estimation","author":"niu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref24","year":"0"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2008.239"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2015.2420374"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FGR.2006.78"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1145\/2647868.2654889","article-title":"Caffe: Convolutional architecture for fast feature embedding","author":"jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 22nd ACM Int Conf Multimedia"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995481"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"785","article-title":"Kernel ELM and CNN based facial age estimation","author":"gurpinar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comp Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"730","article-title":"Structured output SVM prediction of apparent age, gender and smile from deep features","author":"uricar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comp Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"722","article-title":"Deep age distribution learning for apparent age estimation","author":"huo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comp Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"34","article-title":"Age and gender classification using convolutional neural networks","author":"levi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comp Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"344","article-title":"Deep label distribution learning for apparent age estimation","author":"yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comp Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"5553","article-title":"Some like it hot—visual guidance for preference prediction","author":"rothe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5539975"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2362759"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2008.921847"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"657","article-title":"Simultaneous dimensionality reduction and human age estimation via kernel partial least squares regression","author":"guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"96","article-title":"Apparent age estimation from face images combining general and children-specialized deep learning models","author":"antipov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comp Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2013.6553737"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25417-3_76"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"144","article-title":"Age estimation by multi-scale convolutional network","author":"yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Asian Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2670(86)80028-9"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0899766042321814"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"203","article-title":"Support vector regression","volume":"11","author":"basak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neural Inform Processing Lett Rev"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"714","article-title":"Apparent age estimation using ensemble of deep learning models","author":"malli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comp Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.43"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28598-1"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439813300"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.51"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263- 016-0940-36"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"112","article-title":"Human age estimation using bio-inspired features","author":"guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.70733"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1995.1004"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.41"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.319"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995437"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"i","article-title":"Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features","author":"viola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Comput Soc Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"534","article-title":"Deeply-learned feature for age estimation","author":"wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Winter Conf Appl Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Going deeper with convolutions","author":"szegedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"258","article-title":"AgeNet: Deeply learned regressor and classifier for robust apparent age estimation","author":"liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Comput Vis Workshops"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"706","article-title":"ChaLearn looking at people and faces of the world: Face analysis workshop and challenge 2016","author":"escalera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comp Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"1097","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","author":"krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Neural Inf Process"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/34\/8478843\/08141981.pdf?arnumber=8141981","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T22:02:10Z","timestamp":1660082530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8141981\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tpami.2017.2779808","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-8828","2160-9292","1939-3539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-8828","type":"print"},{"value":"2160-9292","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1939-3539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]}}}