{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T21:59:14Z","timestamp":1775599154193,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2019.2910522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T20:43:32Z","timestamp":1587588212000},"page":"2113-2132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Age from Faces in the Deep Learning Revolution"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9130-5533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Carletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-2432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1227-0353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennaro","family":"Percannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2948-741X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Vento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2016.105"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOSIG.2016.7736925"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.532"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2016.103"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2016.7791154"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-016-0940-3"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.09.115"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Squared earth mover's distance-based loss for training deep neural networks","author":"hou","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2016.7532424"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.599"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2015.7301352"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.06.006"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.54"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.42"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.43"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.41"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.53"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.52"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2013.12.004"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298618"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.103"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2015.77"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2017.01.005"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2017.01.007"},{"key":"ref146","article-title":"Visual image recognition system with object-level image representation","author":"zheng","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2359646"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206828"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2017.2654543"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2738004"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2746062"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2017.2741998"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2017.30"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Deep convolutional neural network for age estimation based on VGG-face model","author":"qawaqneh","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2761849"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"430","article-title":"Convnets with smooth adaptive activation functions for regression","author":"hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Artif Intell Statist"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Dager: Deep age, gender and emotion recognition using convolutional neural network","author":"dehghan","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2016.95"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2018.00020"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Labeled faces in the wild: A database for studying face recognition in unconstrained environments","author":"huang","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSPNET.2016.7566541"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.36","article-title":"Age synthesis and estimation via faces: A survey","volume":"32","author":"fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.01.101"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2016.2633868"},{"key":"ref7"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2480381"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2017.2782709"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2017.137"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2017.06.031"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2016.10.026"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2016.94"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2016.96"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2779808"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15439\/2016F472"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-007-0058-8"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2016.2608786"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2462732"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2362759"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","author":"krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Advances Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.244"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00265"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2679739"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0899766042321814"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2889873"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"Deep face recognition","author":"parkhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc British Mach Vis Conf"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition","author":"simonyan","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298594"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2015.2481327"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2695456"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2015.2416321"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.230"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2014.05.004"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018"},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"148","article-title":"Experiments with a new boosting algorithm","author":"freund","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc 13th Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2014.2387379"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qre.4680080105"},{"key":"ref137","first-page":"126","article-title":"How to analyze rates and proportions","author":"glantz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Primer of Biostatistics"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2766583"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.40"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2018.2822241"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3152118"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2018.10.071"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.51"},{"key":"ref140","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chalearn looking at people and faces of the world: Face analysis workshop and challenge 2016","author":"escalera","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comp Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2005.12.126"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FGR.2006.78"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"203","article-title":"Support vector regression","volume":"11","author":"basak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neural Inform Process Lett Rev"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.993553"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"1939","article-title":"A unifying view of sparse approximate gaussian process regression","volume":"6","author":"qui\u00f1onero-candela","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.1.351"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2008.924280","article-title":"Image-based human age estimation by manifold learning and locally adjusted robust regression","volume":"17","author":"guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206543"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Befit - benchmarking facial image analysis technologies","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ci034160g"},{"key":"ref145","first-page":"768","article-title":"Cross-age reference coding for age-invariant face recognition and retrieval","author":"chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2001.990517"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"ref95","article-title":"Seetafaceengine","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2577031"},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"Microsoft project oxford API","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.169"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2011.6130288"},{"key":"ref106","first-page":"21","article-title":"SSD: Single shot multibox detector","author":"liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2015.7358755"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.177"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"1","article-title":"Locally assembled binary (lab) feature with feature-centric cascade for fast and accurate face detection","author":"yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5244\/C.23.91"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00058655"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.167"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10593-2_47"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2017.118"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.241"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.690"},{"key":"ref98","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aggregate channel features for multi-view face detection","author":"yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Joint Conf Biometrics"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.238"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"109","article-title":"Joint cascade face detection and alignment","author":"chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.219"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2669035"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2321570"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2015.03.015"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-015-0499-6"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2366127"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2845089"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.927467"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Facial landmark detection: A literature survey","volume":"127","author":"wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"Learning transferable architectures for scalable image recognition","author":"zoph","year":"2017","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1995.1004"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Deep facial expression recognition: A survey","author":"li","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Mobilenets: Efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications","author":"howard","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1872","article-title":"Automatic age estimation from face images via deep ranking","volume":"35","author":"yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Netw"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/21.155943"},{"key":"ref119","first-page":"579","article-title":"Do we really need to collect millions of faces for effective face recognition?","author":"masi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"144","article-title":"Age estimation by multi-scale convolutional network","author":"yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Asian Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2877890"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2781233"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.75"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.446"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"1629","article-title":"Understanding and comparing deep neural networks for age and gender classification","author":"lapuschkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Comput Vis Workshops"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coarse-to-fine auto-encoder networks (CFAN) for real-time face alignment","author":"zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-015-0816-y"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2015.2471235"},{"key":"ref121","article-title":"Learning face representation from scratch","author":"yi","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2013.6553737"},{"key":"ref123","article-title":"A survey on multi-task learning","author":"zhang","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100440050029"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(02)00190-X"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2015.2471235"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(03)00004-6"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/34\/9158589\/08686239.pdf?arnumber=8686239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T14:00:05Z","timestamp":1651068005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8686239\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tpami.2019.2910522","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-8828","2160-9292","1939-3539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-8828","type":"print"},{"value":"2160-9292","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1939-3539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}}}