{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:49:44Z","timestamp":1776275384846,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Imperial President&#x0027;s PhD Scholarship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000837","name":"University of Nottingham","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Large Scale Shape Analysis of Deformable Models of Humans","award":["EP\/S010203\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S010203\/1"]}]},{"name":"Face Matching for Automatic Identity Retrieval, Recognition, Verification and Management","award":["EP\/N007743\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/N007743\/1"]}]},{"name":"Google Faculty Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2021.3087709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T21:04:28Z","timestamp":1623272668000},"page":"5962-5979","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":422,"title":["ArcFace: Additive Angular Margin Loss for Deep Face Recognition"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3709-6216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiankang","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0709-261X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InsightFace, London, U.K."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8794-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7234-5425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niannan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K."}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Kotsia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cogitat, London, U.K."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5222-1740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanos","family":"Zafeiriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K."}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1988","article-title":"Deep learning face representation by joint identification-verification","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Sun"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.220"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298682"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5244\/C.29.41"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIBGRAPI.2018.00067"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2019.102805"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2016.2603342"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00525"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2018.00020"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46454-1_35"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-019-01178-0"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1857","article-title":"Improved deep metric learning with multi-class n-pair loss objective","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Sohn"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.713"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00552"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2018.2822810"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00482"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.251"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01240-3_47"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.01216"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00800"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00945"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58621-8_43"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.361"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299111"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-018-1113-3"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.522"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Inverting face embeddings with convolutional neural networks","author":"Zhmoginov","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2827389"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00617"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Inceptionism: Going deeper into neural networks","author":"Mordvintsev","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299155"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1991.139758"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00874"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00852"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01318"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"2672","article-title":"Generative adversarial nets","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Goodfellow"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46487-9_6"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2018.8451704"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Mxnet: A flexible and efficient machine learning library for heterogeneous distributed systems","author":"Chen","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108924238.008"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Tensorflow: Large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous distributed systems","author":"Abadi","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"507","article-title":"Large-margin softmax loss for convolutional neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Liu"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"780","article-title":"Metric learning with adaptive density discrimination","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Rippel"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.434"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.309"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.47"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00891"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.01014"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.01108"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.01222"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00123"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00353"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i07.6906"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00594"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00566"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Learning face representation from scratch","author":"Yi","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2833032"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2004.414"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.172"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2672557"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00655"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Subclass distillation","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00092"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00702"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00512"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"37","article-title":"Large scale GAN training for high fidelity natural image synthesis","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Brock"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00453"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-28954-6"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813677"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Understanding neural networks through deep visualization","author":"Yosinski","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46478-7_31"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.578"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2016.7477558"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"Cross-pose LFW: A database for studying cross-pose face recognition in unconstrained environments","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tech. Rep. 18\u201301"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.250"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"Cross-Age LFW: A database for studying cross-age face recognition in unconstrained environments","author":"Zheng","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.527"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.87"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB2018.2018.00033"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Regularizing neural networks by penalizing confident output distributions","author":"Pereyra","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3123266.3123359"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"L2-constrained softmax loss for discriminative face verification","author":"Ranjan","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"6225","article-title":"Learning towards minimum hyperspherical energy","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Liu"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"Identity matters in deep learning","author":"Hardt","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"Fix your classifier: The marginal value of training the last weight layer","author":"Hoffer","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"46","article-title":"Maximally compact and separated features with regular polytope networks","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Workshops","author":"Pernici"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2019.00322"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"7","article-title":"Labeled faces in the wild: A database for studying face recognition in unconstrained environments","volume-title":"Tech. Rep.","author":"Huang","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995566"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.668"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13398-014-0173-7.2"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref93","first-page":"1929","article-title":"Dropout: A simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting","volume":"15","author":"Srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01252-6_48"},{"key":"ref95","article-title":"Targeting ultimate accuracy: Face recognition via deep embedding","author":"Liu","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00364"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00585"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.01015"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00557"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00700"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00575"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00774"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00835"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00685"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00643"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58595-2_9"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58545-7_31"},{"key":"ref108","first-page":"10029","article-title":"Loss function search for face recognition","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00775"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00571"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58548-8_3"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2014.7025068"},{"key":"ref113","first-page":"1332","article-title":"Multicolumn networks for face recognition","volume-title":"Proc. Brit. Mach. Vis. Conf.","author":"Xie"},{"key":"ref114","article-title":"Crystal loss and quality pooling for unconstrained face verification and recognition","author":"Ranjan","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33019251"},{"key":"ref116","article-title":"VargNet: Variable group convolutional neural network for efficient embedded computing","author":"Zhang","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"2678","article-title":"AirFace: Lightweight and efficient model for face recognition","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE\/CVF Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. Workshops","author":"Li"},{"key":"ref118","first-page":"6105","article-title":"Efficientnet: Rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Tan"},{"key":"ref119","article-title":"Distilling the knowledge in a neural network","author":"Hinton","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref120","article-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization","author":"Kingma","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"6629","article-title":"Gans trained by a two time-scale update rule converge to a local nash equilibrium","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Heusel"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/34\/9893034\/09449988.pdf?arnumber=9449988","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T23:09:48Z","timestamp":1705014588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9449988\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tpami.2021.3087709","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-8828","2160-9292","1939-3539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-8828","type":"print"},{"value":"2160-9292","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1939-3539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]}}}