{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:20:45Z","timestamp":1775607645022,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P-32554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P-32554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2022.3145392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:38:22Z","timestamp":1643143102000},"page":"329-341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":270,"title":["Deep ROC Analysis and AUC as Balanced Average Accuracy, for Improved Classifier Selection, Audit and Explanation"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0062-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre M.","family":"Carrington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Design Engineering, Ottawa Hospital and Region Imaging Associates, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"}]},{"given":"Douglas G.","family":"Manuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7260-2260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul W.","family":"Fieguth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Design Engineering and Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7306-2972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venet","family":"Osmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Fondazione Bruno Kessler Research Institute, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Wernly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3341-9022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Hawken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Magwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bruyere Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"McInnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6786-5194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Holzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.096529"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2010.06.019"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470317082","author":"zhou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Statistical Methods in Diagnostic Medicine"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77244-8"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of covid-19: Systematic review and critical appraisal","volume":"369","author":"wynants","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.201.3.8939225"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X9101100204"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2009.03.002"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02172-5_57"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11941439_114"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176345866"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"61","article-title":"Probabilistic outputs for support vector machines and comparisons to regularized likelihood methods","volume":"10","author":"platt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Large Margin Classifiers"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Isotone optimization in R: Pool-adjacent-violators algorithm (PAVA) and active set methods","volume":"32","author":"mair","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Statist Softw"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-007-5018-6"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2021.01.008"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1994.12.10.2086"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99740-7_1"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372873"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.10.010"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c30fb2"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"838","article-title":"Precision-recall-gain curves: PR analysis done right","author":"flach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Neural Inf Process"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2359660","article-title":"Why does rebalancing class-unbalanced data improve AUC for linear discriminant analysis?","volume":"37","author":"xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aab4b1"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2018-043"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.70740"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99740-7_24"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1312"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"445","article-title":"The case against accuracy estimation for comparing classifiers","author":"provost","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc 15th Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Machine learning predicts mortality in septic patients using only routinely available ABG variables: A multi-centre evaluation","volume":"145","author":"wernly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1102351.1102430"},{"key":"ref58","author":"bishop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-82"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.05.002"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014508","article-title":"Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD) the tripod statement","volume":"131","author":"collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012799"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu207"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Evaluation: From precision, recall and F-factor to ROC, informedness, markedness & correlation","author":"powers","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-015-9433-y"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(96)00142-2"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-0420.00071"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2998(78)80014-2"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015330.1015400"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X06295361"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.10.005"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33019808"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.24","article-title":"A small sphere and large margin approach for novelty detection using training data with outliers","volume":"31","author":"wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.03.030"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118432"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e3999"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2007.00358.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X8900900307"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Machine learning that matters","author":"wagstaff","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2012.09.004"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780081011"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010920819831"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-019-1014-6"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280217718866"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.769888"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i04.5970"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"3438","article-title":"The fairness of risk scores beyond classification: Bipartite ranking and the xAUC metric","author":"kallus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Adv Neural Informat Process Syst"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11634-017-0295-9"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5777"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2013.11.015"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(80)90020-6"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/34\/9970415\/09693294.pdf?arnumber=9693294","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T19:14:40Z","timestamp":1672082080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9693294\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tpami.2022.3145392","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-8828","2160-9292","1939-3539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-8828","type":"print"},{"value":"2160-9292","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1939-3539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]}}}