{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T21:31:32Z","timestamp":1782250292535,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2024.3435571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T23:25:34Z","timestamp":1724282734000},"page":"10076-10095","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":766,"title":["Medical Image Segmentation Review: The Success of U-Net"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4772-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Azad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2849-1070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan Khodapanah","family":"Aghdam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8095-2073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelie","family":"Rauland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5824-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiwei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3896-7810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atlas Haddadi","family":"Avval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1857-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afshin","family":"Bozorgpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics and Data Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6632-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanaz","family":"Karimijafarbigloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics and Data Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1334-3059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph Paul","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine & Imaging, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Adeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1672-2185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorit","family":"Merhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics and Data Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30695-9"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-020-09854-1"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3059968"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01312-x"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"2843","article-title":"Deep neural networks segment neuronal membranes in electron microscopy images","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Ciresan"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298965"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.08.018"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.102846"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00889-5_1"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11726-9_32"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.08.025"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2019.8759329"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71589-6_43"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00946-5_17"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCMC48092.2020.ICCMC-000112"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2019.8759581"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32956-3_10"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793545822500183"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Medical image segmentation on MRI images with missing modalities: A review","author":"Azad","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmi.2017.2759102"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32486-5_18"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-022-02732-x"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NSS\/MIC42101.2019.9059879"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAECON46414.2019.9057834"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2020.01.026"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Dense dilated UNet: Deep learning for 3D photoacoustic tomography image reconstruction","author":"Guan","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.396598"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16878507.2021.1973760"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2699184"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2644615"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3086020"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Transunet: Transformers make strong encoders for medical image segmentation","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87193-2_11"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87589-3_40"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87199-4_16"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-08999-2_22"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9746172"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-21014-3_39"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i3.20144"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2022\/135"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87193-2_4"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-25066-8_9"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"MissFormer: An effective medical image segmentation transformer","author":"Huang","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"D-Former: A U-shaped dilated transformer for 3D medical image segmentation","author":"Wu","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"48","article-title":"An MRF-UNet product of experts for image segmentation","volume-title":"Proc. Conf. Med. Imag. Deep Learn.","author":"Brudfors"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72084-1_16"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"311","article-title":"3D MRI brain tumor segmentation using autoencoder regularization","volume-title":"Proc. Int. MICCAI Brainlesion Workshop","author":"Myronenko"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"6965","article-title":"A probabilistic U-Net for segmentation of ambiguous images","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Kohl"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2791488"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.10.001"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11723-8_27"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11726-9_17"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46640-4_25"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46976-8_19"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3DV.2016.79"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2845918"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-09037-0_17"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS49503.2020.00111"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2019.04.025"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.6.2.025008"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2019.2959609"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9053405"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59710-8_8"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"Attention U-Net: Learning where to look for the pancreas","author":"Oktay","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.605132"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP40778.2020.9190761"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87193-2_41"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2019.00052"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2019.2946092"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3025372"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR48806.2021.9413346"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2896920"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW54120.2021.00366"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"48","article-title":"SMU-Net: Style matching U-Net for brain tumor segmentation with missing modalities","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Med. Imag. Deep Learn.","author":"Azad"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8415485"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.3000314"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3058783"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46723-8_49"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Finding and measuring lungs in CT data","author":"Mader","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7303\/SYN3193805"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"A large annotated medical image dataset for the development and evaluation of segmentation algorithms","author":"Simpson","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2014.2377694"},{"key":"ref87","article-title":"Oncopetnet: A deep learning based AI system for mitotic figure counting on H&E stained whole slide digital images in a large veterinary diagnostic lab setting","author":"Fitzke","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0107-6"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2837502"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.3635"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"Deep learning to achieve clinically applicable segmentation of head and neck anatomy for radiotherapy","author":"Nikolov","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601693"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30098-1"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75238-9_25"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07619-7"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-7566-5"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2022.02.011"},{"key":"ref98","article-title":"Multi-level context gating of embedded collective knowledge for medical image segmentation","author":"Asadi-Aghbolaghi","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"337","article-title":"Dense segmentation in selected dimensions: Application to retinal optical coherence tomography","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Med. Imag. Deep Learn.","author":"Liefers"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ipr2.12406"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87193-2_52"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3053408"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2020.101889"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.308"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.243"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.89"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298958"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.6.1.014006"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-022-02738-5"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00745"},{"key":"ref112","article-title":"An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale","author":"Dosovitskiy","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.103000"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deformable {DETR}: Deformable transformers for end-to-end object detection","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Zhu"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV51458.2022.00181"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58548-8_7"},{"key":"ref118","article-title":"Axial attention in multidimensional transformers","author":"Ho","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00986"},{"key":"ref120","article-title":"Conditional positional encodings for vision transformers","author":"Chu","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iros55552.2023.10342025"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00061"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41095-022-0274-8"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01716"},{"key":"ref125","first-page":"12 077","article-title":"SegFormer: Simple and efficient design for semantic segmentation with transformers","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Xie"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106268"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00670"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2802944"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-051581-6.50065-9"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2886371"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.10.001"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72087-2_22"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.05.055"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66179-7_25"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2017.080853"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2019.2912935"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/34\/10746266\/10643318.pdf?arnumber=10643318","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:31:04Z","timestamp":1732667464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10643318\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tpami.2024.3435571","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-8828","2160-9292","1939-3539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-8828","type":"print"},{"value":"2160-9292","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1939-3539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}}}