{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T19:28:55Z","timestamp":1773170935128,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62576282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62576282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62576262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62576262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62476223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62476223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62176198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62176198"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi","award":["2024ZC-KJXX-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZC-KJXX-043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2025.3642298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T18:45:23Z","timestamp":1765478723000},"page":"4318-4335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["VPT-NSP\n                    <sup>2<\/sup>\n                    ++: Importance-Aware Visual Prompt Tuning in Null Space for Continual Learning"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3429-576X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shizhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9805-1732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4603-847X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"De","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6021-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinghui","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4695-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nannan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9218-9132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2977-8057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07711-7"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.587"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"9689","article-title":"A model or 603 exemplars: Towards memory-efficient class-incremental learning","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Zhou","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"11816","article-title":"Gradient based sample selection for online continual learning","volume-title":"Proc. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Aljundi","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00303"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3151511"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"9728","article-title":"Scalable and order-robust continual learning with additive parameter decomposition","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Yoon","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611835114"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"3987","article-title":"Continual learning through synaptic intelligence","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","volume":"70","author":"Zenke","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0080-x"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2010.11929"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58452-8_13"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00371"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19827-4_41"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-1212"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.353"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00024"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19809-0_36"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-0411"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01146"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01053"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00164"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-3022"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00356"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02689"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"24658","article-title":"One size fits all for semantic shifts: Adaptive prompt tuning for continual learning","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Kim","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i12.29231"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV57701.2024.00251"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02229"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Layer normalization","author":"Ba","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00025"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-0253"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00237"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00502"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.212"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"506","article-title":"Learning multiple visual domains with residual adapters","volume-title":"Proc. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Rebuffi","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"2790","article-title":"Parameter-efficient transfer learning for NLP","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","volume":"97","author":"Houlsby","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"12513","article-title":"LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Hu","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2023.3291588"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01055"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01754"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01439"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02231"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02223"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02191"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01184"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i8.26216"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"12022","article-title":"RanPAC: Random projections and pre-trained models for continual learning","volume-title":"Proc. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"McDonnell","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"39355","article-title":"OVOR: OnePrompt with virtual outlier regularization for rehearsal-free class-incremental learning","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Huang","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"9900","article-title":"Continual learning in low-rank orthogonal subspaces","volume-title":"Proc. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"944","article-title":"Gradient projection memory for continual learning","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Saha","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19809-0_13"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"19153","article-title":"Task-aware orthogonal sparse network for exploring shared knowledge in continual learning","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Hu","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(05)80139-X"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"18710","article-title":"Flattening sharpness for dynamic gradient projection memory benefits continual learning","volume-title":"Proc. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"34","author":"Deng","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00362"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3522258"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9780898719512"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-022-00568-3"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3213473"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3429383"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01086"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02699"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"18661","article-title":"Supervised contrastive learning","volume-title":"Proc. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Khosla","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02194"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00701"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00823"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00149"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20071-7_35"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-024-02218-0"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2019.2918242"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2675998"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-015-0816-y"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00020"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Kingma","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3454287.3455008"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"Pytorch image models","author":"Wightman","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW60793.2023.00385"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73013-9_6"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72624-8_10"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i12.29249"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"3856","article-title":"Prompt gradient projection for continual learning","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Qiao","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00951"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"1161","article-title":"ImageNet-21K Pretraining for the Masses","volume-title":"Proc. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. Datasets Benchmarks","author":"Ridnik","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"8748","article-title":"Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","volume":"139","author":"Radford","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00276"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/34\/11424231\/11296947.pdf?arnumber=11296947","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T01:34:23Z","timestamp":1773106463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11296947\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tpami.2025.3642298","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-8828","2160-9292","1939-3539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-8828","type":"print"},{"value":"2160-9292","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1939-3539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}