{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T14:50:17Z","timestamp":1777733417311,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2020YFE0200500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFE0200500"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62002009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62002009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tpds.2023.3263272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T17:39:02Z","timestamp":1680197942000},"page":"2448-2463","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serpens: A High Performance FaaS Platform for Network Functions"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6907-9958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heng","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4429-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5295-092X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junxian","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2615-6153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yantao","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4493-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jilong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3265-049X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Congcong","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tencent, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4847-4585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373376.3378512"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3445814.3446701"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3098822.3098826"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"205","article-title":"Serverless in the wild: Characterizing and optimizing the serverless workload at a large cloud provider","author":"shahrad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc USENIX Annu Tech Conf"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kafka: A distributed messaging system for log processing","author":"kreps","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc NetDB"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2020.2969971"},{"key":"ref14","author":"carlson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Redis in Action"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Shared memory & docker","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"299","article-title":"Elastic scaling of stateful network functions","author":"woo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 15th USENIX Symp Netw Syst Des Implementation"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"97","article-title":"Stateless network functions: Breaking the tight coupling of state and processing","author":"kablan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 14th USENIX Conf Netw Syst Des Implementation"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230543.3230563"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"133","article-title":"Peeking behind the curtains of serverless platforms","author":"wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc USENIX Annu Tech Conf"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419111.3421295"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Redis: High performance in-memory data structure store","author":"sanfilippo","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Open source cloud computing infrastructure - openstack","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/268998.266662"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Kubernetes-based platform to deploy and manage modern serverless workloads","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Production-grade container orchestration","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"57","article-title":"SOCK: Rapid task provisioning with serverless-optimized containers","author":"oakes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc USENIX Annu Tech Conf"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"671","article-title":"EbbRT: A framework for building per-application library operating systems","author":"schatzberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 12th USENIX Symp Operating Syst Des Implementation"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3445814.3446714"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3302424.3303978"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3343737.3343750"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3342195.3392698"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2021.3063613"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2829988.2787472"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"419","article-title":"Firecracker: Lightweight virtualization for serverless applications","author":"agache","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 17th USENIX Conf Netw Syst Des Implementation"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3211890.3211916"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"FAASM: Lightweight isolation for efficient stateful serverless computing","author":"shillaker","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3152434.3152450"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1145\/3368454","article-title":"The rise of serverless computing","volume":"62","author":"paul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2898101"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"AT&T to offload 5G into Microsoft's cloud","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"203","article-title":"NetBricks: Taking the V out of NFV","author":"panda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 12th USENIX Conf Operating Syst Des Implementation"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"33","article-title":"Serverless computation with openLambda","author":"hendrickson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 8th USENIX Conf Hot Top Cloud Comput"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2377677.2377680"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"427","article-title":"Pocket: Elastic ephemeral storage for serverless analytics","author":"klimovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 13th USENIX Conf Operating Syst Des Implementation"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Cloud object storage-amazon S3","author":"service","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Queuing theory with heavy tails and network traffic modeling","author":"li","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9014263"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2940147.2940155"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3297858.3304013"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Serverless functions made simple","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2009.25"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"IBM cloud functions","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/168619.168635"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3127479.3128601"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Apache openwhisk is a serverless, open source cloud platform","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"AWS Lambda serverless compute","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"Data plane development kit (DPDK)","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"141","article-title":"Toward predictable performance in software packet-processing platforms","author":"dobrescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 9th USENIX Conf Netw Syst Des Implementation"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2815400.2815423"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Azure functions serverless architecture","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3326285.3329074"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Serverless environment to build and connect cloud services","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc7348"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2015.2401568"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"323","article-title":"Design and implementation of a consolidated middlebox architecture","author":"sekar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 9th USENIX Conf Netw Syst Des Implementation"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"475","article-title":"From Laptop to Lambda: Outsourcing everyday jobs to thousands of transient functional containers","author":"fouladi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc USENIX Annu Tech Conf"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"363","article-title":"Encoding, fast and slow: Low-latency video processing using thousands of tiny threads","author":"fouladi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 14th USENIX Conf Netw Syst Des Implementation"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2692956.2663188"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1402958.1402966"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419111.3421297"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3281411.3281441"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2740070.2626313"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2447976.2447992"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1851182.1851192"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/146628.139676"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1879141.1879175"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00516ED2V01Y201306CAC024"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Service function chaining use cases in data centers","author":"surendra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Working Draft IETF Secretariat Internet-Draft draft-ietf-sfc-dc-use-cases-06"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Open source, kubernetes-native serverless framework","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1030083.1030124"},{"key":"ref63","author":"johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Developing Linux Applications"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1592568.1592576"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3286062.3286081"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"923","article-title":"SAND: Towards high-performance serverless computing","author":"akkus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc USENIX Conf USENIX Annu Tech Conf"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"501","article-title":"Correctness and performance for stateful chained network functions","author":"khalid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc 16th USENIX Symp Netw Syst Des Implementation"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2378956.2378964"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2377677.2377718"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"645","article-title":"Putting the &#x201C;micro","author":"boucher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc USENIX Conf USENIX Annu Tech Conf"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Softnic: A software NIC to augment hardware","author":"han","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"GNU\/Linux application programming","author":"jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Charles River Media"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2464996.2465020"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/71\/10153956\/10089180.pdf?arnumber=10089180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T17:44:00Z","timestamp":1690825440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10089180\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tpds.2023.3263272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1045-9219","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-2183","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2161-9883","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}}}