{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T17:38:05Z","timestamp":1789234685234,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006227","name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006227","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"U.S. DOE"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006132","name":"Office of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006192","name":"Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DE-FOA-0003264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-FOA-0003264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Advances in Artificial Intelligence for Science","award":["DE-SC0025598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0025598"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017223","name":"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017223","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"U.S. DOE Office of Science User Facility","award":["DDR-ERCAP0034262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DDR-ERCAP0034262"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tpds.2026.3675550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T19:40:55Z","timestamp":1773862855000},"page":"1330-1341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Performance-Aligned LLMs for Generating Fast HPC Code"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3538-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Nichols","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranav","family":"Polasam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4707-9580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harshitha","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniruddha","family":"Marathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7857-2805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd","family":"Gamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3069-3701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhinav","family":"Bhatele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Evaluating large language models trained on code","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ISC.2024.10528929"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3625549.3658689"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"27730","article-title":"Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Ouyang","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"53728","article-title":"Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Rafailov","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"DeepSeek-coder: When the large language model meets programming\u2013the rise of code intelligence","author":"Guo","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"52632","article-title":"Magicoder: Empowering code generation with OSS-instruct","volume-title":"Proc. 41st Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","volume":"235","author":"Wei","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"The curious case of neural text degeneration","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Holtzman","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Proximal policy optimization algorithms","author":"Schulman","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq1158"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2305016120"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Cosmopedia","author":"Allal","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Gemini: A family of highly capable multimodal models","author":"Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"The stack: 3 TB of permissively licensed source code","author":"Kocetkov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3744746"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09422-z"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"DeepSeekMath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models","author":"Shao","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Secrets of RLHF in large language models Part II: Reward modeling","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2334029"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.naacl-long.185"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/130385.130401"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"OpenMP application program interface, Version 4.0. Jul. 2013","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"MPI\u2013The Complete Reference: The MPI Core","author":"Snir","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"PolyBench","author":"Grauer-Gray","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Big code models leaderboard","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"The Llama 3 herd of models","author":"Dubey","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"TRL: Transformer reinforcement learning","author":"Werra","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3611540.3611569"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Kingma","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Decoupled weight decay regularization","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Loshchilov","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-40744-4_2"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-69577-3_9"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06004-9"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3754598.3754669"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/71\/11483288\/11442899-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/71\/11483288\/11442899.pdf?arnumber=11442899","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T19:55:12Z","timestamp":1778874912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11442899\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tpds.2026.3675550","relation":{},"ISSN":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1045-9219","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-2183","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2161-9883","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}}}