{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T21:20:25Z","timestamp":1774473625999,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006134","name":"U.S. Department of Energy\/Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DE-EE0011186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-EE0011186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006134","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Sidara Urban Seed Grant Program at the Norman B. Leventhal Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006919","name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Robot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tro.2026.3666153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T21:25:53Z","timestamp":1771449953000},"page":"1428-1447","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reproducibility in the Control of Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Systems"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4351-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinling","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6918-3464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meshal","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1802-4388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Gammelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google DeepMind, San Francisco, CA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2682-4975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Schiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0206-4337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Pavone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0505-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Frazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1929-7583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6601-2237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gioele","family":"Zardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"2011 urban mobility report","author":"Schrank","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45854-9_19"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-control-042920-012811"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-016-0021"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213847"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2017.7989545"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00869-9"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2023.03556"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf5027"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/25303"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OAJPE.2022.3215865"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCNS.2018.2800403"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364915581863"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364918780335"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.2018.1822"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Urban Operations Research","author":"Larson","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/SERIES1345"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364912444766"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae489"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2023.09.019"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Shared-vehicle mobility-on-demand systems: A fleet operators guide to rebalancing empty vehicles","volume-title":"Proc. Transp. Res. Board 95th Annu. Meeting","author":"Spieser","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3112106"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1284","article-title":"Hybrid multi-agent deep reinforcement learning for autonomous mobility on demand systems","volume-title":"Proc. Learn. Dyn. Control Conf.","author":"Enders","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611675114"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ACC45564.2020.9147734"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multi-agent soft actor-critic with global loss for autonomous mobility-on-demand fleet control","volume-title":"Proc. 19th Int. Conf. Learn. Intell. Optim. (LION 19)","author":"Woywood","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3029141"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2018.8593743"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2025.3582639"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2018.0836"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/ijoc.2023.1275"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2025.06.008"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103258"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Global EV outlook 2024: Moving towards increased affordability","volume-title":"Int. Energy Agency, Paris, France","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.06.024"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.01.011"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2022.0272"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11298"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.12.008"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2018.8622481"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15607\/RSS.2018.XIV.039"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794194"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2934423"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3236187.3236211"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569608"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2931830"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3204028.3204030"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2017.8206203"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103061"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4801437","article-title":"Learning-augmented vehicle dispatching with slack times for high-capacity ride-pooling","author":"Kim","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.5388"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-016-9729-z"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.01.019"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2020.3014417"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2017.8317908"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2026.3653376"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA48506.2021.9561281"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2017.8264317"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-019-10007-9"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2021.04.011"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2017.06.020"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Planning and operations of mixed fleets in mobility-on-demand systems","author":"Yang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2022.3223912"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0095-1"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2017.08.022"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2012.6338848"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2019.8917334"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2016.7525011"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2920104"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3043594"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"13","article-title":"The electric vehicle charging station location problem: A parking-based assignment method for Seattle","volume-title":"Proc. Transp. Res. Board 92nd Annu. Meeting","volume":"340","author":"Chen","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEVC.2012.6183283"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2016.2614939"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC48978.2021.9565089"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecotra.2014.11.001"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3067044"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1100.0347"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.04.021"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.01.020"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3731.34"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-018-9750-5"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ECC.2019.8795897"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2021.05.015"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569459"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2019.2954520"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC45484.2021.9683135"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ECC64448.2024.10590895"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.04.018"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2013.2259993"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2020.3017526"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1090\/psapm\/006\/0090480"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.3800020109"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/ijoc.5.3.261"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2019.8917521"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3237804"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"261","article-title":"Data-driven distributionally robust vehicle balancing using dynamic region partitions","volume-title":"Proc. Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Cyber- Phys. Syst.","author":"Miao","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJITS.2022.3163180"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11081-017-9366-1"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/37.126844"},{"key":"ref100","article-title":"A review on reinforcement learning methods for mobility on demand systems","author":"Chouaki","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA48506.2021.9561552"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS55552.2023.10342342"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3219819.3219993"},{"key":"ref104","article-title":"Offline reinforcement learning: Tutorial, review, and perspectives on open problems","author":"Levine","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3054912"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2023.0107"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aaai.70002"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3534678.3539180"},{"key":"ref109","article-title":"Robo-taxi fleet coordination at scale via reinforcement learning","author":"Tresca","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref110","article-title":"Offline hierarchical reinforcement learning via inverse optimization","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Schmidt","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3060187"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3219819.3219824"},{"key":"ref113","article-title":"Learning with combinatorial optimization layers: A probabilistic approach","author":"Dalle","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/ijoc.2024.0637"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"1","article-title":"Structured reinforcement learning for combinatorial decision-making","volume-title":"Proc. 39th Annu. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (NeurIPS)","author":"Hoppe","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.12.020"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2024.103754"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2017.04.006"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102392"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2016.2"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.05.003"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3534678.3539095"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2018.8460966"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15607\/RSS.2019.XV.066"},{"key":"ref125","first-page":"260","article-title":"Global rewards in multi-agent deep reinforcement learning for autonomous mobility on demand systems","volume-title":"Proc. 6th Annu. Learn. Dyn. Control Conf.","author":"Hoppe","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2017.08.003"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2017.7989167"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2015.7172070"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2016.7487272"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3325914"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2983323.2983379"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2909109"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-1647(71)90039-6"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.06.004"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2021.102327"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569381"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1680\/ipeds.1952.11259"},{"key":"ref138","volume-title":"Traffic Assignment Manual for Application With a Large, High Speed Computer","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2008.06.008"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2615(94)90002-7"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"122","article-title":"The link transmission model: An efficient implementation of the kinematic wave theory in traffic networks","volume-title":"Proc. 10th EWGT Meeting","volume":"24","author":"Yperman","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.06.013"},{"key":"ref143","article-title":"Transportation decarbonization: A J-PAL white paper","author":"Faber","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.09.022"},{"key":"ref145","article-title":"Estimate then predict: Convex formulation for travel demand forecasting","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Available SSRN 4977199"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102775"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-41705-5"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.04.121"},{"key":"ref149","volume-title":"Evaluating Transportation Equity","author":"Litman","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref150","article-title":"Framework for analyzing equity-concerns related to mobility on-demand","volume-title":"Proc. 103rd Annu. Meeting Transp. Res. Board","author":"Kagho","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci3020042"},{"key":"ref152","article-title":"TLC trip record data","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref153","article-title":"New York city taxi trip data 2010-2013)","author":"Donovan","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref154","article-title":"Using coarse GPS data to quantify city-scale transportation system resilience to extreme events","author":"Donovan","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref155","article-title":"gpsresilience","author":"Donovan","year":"2013","journal-title":"GitHub"},{"key":"ref156","article-title":"Crawdad epfl\/mobility","author":"Piorkowski","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref157","article-title":"TransportationNetworks","author":"Stabler","year":"2024","journal-title":"GitHub"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6248074"},{"key":"ref160","article-title":"Didi global official website","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12544-025-00718-9"},{"key":"ref162","article-title":"Fleetpy: A modular open-source simulation tool for mobility on-demand services","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/baw"},{"key":"ref164","article-title":"Simmobility: A multi-scale integrated agent-based simulation platform","volume-title":"Proc. 95th Annu. Meeting Transp. Res. Board Forthcoming Transp. Res. Rec.","author":"Adnan","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/20168101005"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-020-10106-y"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103345"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2023.103583"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569938"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/itsc.2018.8569961"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3526062.3536353"},{"key":"ref172","article-title":"Reproducibility in transportation research: A hands-on tutorial","author":"Wu","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref173","article-title":"Data-driven methods for network-level coordination of autonomous mobility-on-demand systems across scales","author":"Zardini","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref174","article-title":"Towards a co-design framework for future mobility systems","volume-title":"Proc. 99th Annu. Meeting Transp. Res. Board","author":"Zardini","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref175","article-title":"Integrating shared-vehicle mobility-on-demand systems with public transit","author":"Vakayil","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCNS.2019.2923384"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCNS.2021.3059225"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC57777.2023.10421926"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC48978.2021.9564501"},{"key":"ref180","article-title":"Hierarchical strategic decision-making in layered mobility systems","author":"He","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.07.002"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2950720"},{"key":"ref183","article-title":"Re-defining the role of public transport in a world of shared autonomous vehicles","volume-title":"Proc. Symp. Eur. Assoc. Res. Transp.","author":"Bischoff","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref184","article-title":"Co-design of complex systems: From autonomy to future mobility systems","author":"Zardini","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC45102.2020.9294499"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS51168.2021.9636513"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ECC54610.2021.9654960"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118757980"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-017-9811-1"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2018.12.173"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Robotics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/8860\/11297026\/11397859-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/8860\/11297026\/11397859.pdf?arnumber=11397859","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T19:59:31Z","timestamp":1774468771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11397859\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":190,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tro.2026.3666153","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-3098","1941-0468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-3098","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-0468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}