{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T11:47:33Z","timestamp":1792928853609,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wallenberg Artificial Intelligence, Autonomous Systems and Software Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/044wr7g58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCF-1750399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-1750399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-05973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-05973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IIEEE Trans. Software Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tse.2022.3147265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T15:42:45Z","timestamp":1643730165000},"page":"147-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["Neural Transfer Learning for Repairing Security Vulnerabilities in C Code"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6673-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1447-5993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Kommrusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3505-3383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Monperrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.7b00156"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-297"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2005.05.019"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20398-5_33"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3379597.3387501"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2018.1870873"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/E17-1088"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2019.00071"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.139"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"10 799","article-title":"Graph-based, self-supervised program repair from diagnostic feedback","author":"yasunaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1693","article-title":"Teaching machines to read and comprehend","author":"hermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00502"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-3302"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"5110","article-title":"Learning and evaluating contextual embedding of source code","author":"kanade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Estimating the global cost of cybercrime","author":"losses","year":"2014","journal-title":"McAfee"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3475960.3475985"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Google's neural machine translation system: Bridging the gap between human and machine translation","author":"wu","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"3104","article-title":"Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks","author":"sutskever","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 27th Int Conf Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"BART: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension","author":"lewis","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.naacl-main.211"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Encore: Ensemble learning using convolution neural machine translation for automatic program repair","author":"lutellier","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2021.3070743"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359591.3359735"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Clang: A C language family frontend for LLVM","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization","author":"kingma","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3183377.3183383"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.308"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"1929","article-title":"Dropout: A simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting","volume":"15","author":"srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2528162"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.97"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSC.2018.00017"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66399-9_13"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"2020 state of the octoverse: Securing the world's software","author":"forsgren","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2017.15"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"SeqTrans: Automatic vulnerability fix via sequence to sequence learning","author":"chi","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Learning to repair software vulnerabilities with generative adversarial networks","author":"harer","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","author":"brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-4012"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.110936"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.10742"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"A study of pyramid structure for code correction","author":"huang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-4012"},{"key":"ref78","article-title":"Exploring the possibilities of applying transfer learning methods for natural language processing in software development","author":"ding","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-49430-8_3"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Neural machine translation of rare words with subword units","author":"sennrich","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2018.23158"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"code2seq: Generating sequences from structured representations of code","author":"alon","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.2993293"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377811.3380345"},{"key":"ref33","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"Learning to represent edits","author":"yin","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2018.00120"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2020.3020502"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2013.02.009"},{"key":"ref1","article-title":"The 2020 state of the octoverse","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref39","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1154"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3212695"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2021.106576"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3395363.3397369"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2610384.2628055"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60566-766-9.ch011"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSR.2019.00064"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"5998","article-title":"Attention is all you need","author":"vaswani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 31st Conf Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"A ground-truth dataset of real security patches","author":"reis","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340544"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01424-7_27"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3196398.3196454"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/K16-1028"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1629575.1629585"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2015.64"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1943","article-title":"Sequencer: Sequence-to-sequence learning for end-to-end program repair","volume":"47","author":"chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Softw Eng"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08509-8_14"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2012.6227135"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2019.2946148"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3387940.3392181"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3338906.3340455"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3468264.3468544"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"FuzzBomb: Autonomous cyber vulnerability detection and repair","volume":"136","author":"musliner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 4th Int Conf Commun Comput Netw Technol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3236024.3236079"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Beyond tests: Program vulnerability repair via crash constraint extraction","volume":"1","author":"gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/32\/10008953\/9699412-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/32\/10008953\/09699412.pdf?arnumber=9699412","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T13:40:29Z","timestamp":1675172429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9699412\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tse.2022.3147265","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-5589","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3520","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2326-3881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]}}}