{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T03:04:23Z","timestamp":1769742263835,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61872057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61872057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key R&#x0026;D Program of China","award":["2018YFB0804100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0804100"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong RGC Projects","award":["PolyU15222320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU15222320"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong RGC Projects","award":["PolyU15224121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU15224121"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Fund of Macau","award":["0047\/2020\/A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0047\/2020\/A1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M621247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M621247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LH2019F008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2019F008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IIEEE Trans. Software Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tse.2022.3163614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T19:54:56Z","timestamp":1648670096000},"page":"777-801","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Large-Scale Empirical Study of Inline Assembly on 7.6 Million Ethereum Smart Contracts"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Zhou","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cyber Security, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}]},{"given":"Shuwei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cyber Security, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cyber Security, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9082-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiapu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Zheyuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cyber Security, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}]},{"given":"Renkai","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cyber Security, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9165-8331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cyber Security, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}]},{"given":"Jiachi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6272-4069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9886-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cyber Security, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2019.e00151"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Total value locked rankings","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Ethereum stack exchange","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Reddit: The front page of the Internet","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Models.ldamodel \u2013 latent dirichlet allocation","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"993","article-title":"Latent dirichlet allocation","volume":"3","author":"Blei","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2751"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2019.2921343"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSR.2017.59"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2921936"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70278-0_31"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"An empirical study of ownership, typestate, and assets in the obsidian smart contract language","author":"Coblenz","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"An empirical study of speculative concurrency in ethereum smart contracts","author":"Saraph","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-019-09796-5"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38677-1_3"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Empirical insights in the current development of smart contracts","volume-title":"Proc. Annu. Pacific Asia Conf. Informat. Syst.","author":"M\u00f6hring"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"530","article-title":"Empirical review of automated analysis tools on 47,587 ethereum smart contracts","volume-title":"Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Softw. Eng.","author":"Durieux"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Empirical vulnerability analysis of automated smart contracts security testing on blockchains","author":"Parizi","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94478-4_6"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ESEM.2019.8870156"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3345664"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-41600-3_11"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00032"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00066"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45234-6_4"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03592-1_13"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Gas cost analysis for Ethereum smart contracts","author":"Signer","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3186411.3186418"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2019.2942301"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Yul","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Ethereum homestead documentation","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger","author":"Wood","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"The optimiser","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Ethereum blockchain explorer","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Ethereum daily verified contracts chart","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Solidity documents","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2022.3163614"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Oyente - An analysis tool for smart contracts","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Madmax - Ethereum static vulnerability detector for gas-focussed vulnerabilities","author":"Grech","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Yul sourcemaps skip let statements with no initializer","author":"Altman","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Solidity, the smart contract programming language","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCS.2020.2990458"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"2721","article-title":"Blocksci: Design and applications of a blockchain analysis platform","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Kalodner"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315110479"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Mann-Whitney u test","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Software complexity and project performance","author":"Nystedt","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies7010006"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Contract - 0x1e143b2588705DfEA63A17f2032CA123dF995CE0","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Contract - 0x20A7b20b9c213E6705c72a4216Fdbc628A29d06C","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Remix - Ethereum browser-based compiler and ide","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Contract - 0x185479FB2cAEcbA11227db4186046496D6230243","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Contract - 0x9bCd203710b2382CE896c5dAd7342c3dc444544E","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Contract - 0x2B9B8b83C09e1d2BD3DacE1C3dB2fEc8ff54a8AC","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Formal specification and verification of smart contracts for azure blockchain","author":"Wang","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"9","article-title":"Static analysis of ethereum smart contracts","volume-title":"Proc. 1st Int. Workshop Emerg. Trends Softw. Eng. Blockchain","author":"Tikhomirov"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Soliditycheck: Quickly detecting smart contract problems through regular expressions","author":"Zhang","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Contract - 0x84F6451efE944ba67BedB8E0Cf996Fa1fEB4031D","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"Contract - 0xD01c92937400DD1ecE24992B1dc44Aeaa47Ae72a","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Contract - 0x0FbdB0aCEb333e99f68b700Ed5ffE824Bb9205ee","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"Zero-knowledge proof - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Protocol - a zkRollup DEX & payment protocol","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3381036"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Contract - 0x3B9A3c062Bdb640b5039C0cCda4157737d732F95","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"Contract - 0xBC0BB74a13f1455E9eCCf3275bC96855A3c5BA7B","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Contract - 0x5cf3da4D17b83b07a73fE6b706E9D394113052cf","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8486401"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"Cyclomatic complexity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"Phi coefficient","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"Contract - 0x0000000000b3F879cb30FE243b4Dfee438691c04","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Tokenize gas on Ethereum with gastoken","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"Contract - 0x6090A6e47849629b7245Dfa1Ca21D94cd15878Ef","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref78","article-title":"Contract - 0x6710c63432A2De02954fc0f851db07146a6c0312","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"New storage layout for proxy contracts and diamonds","author":"Mudge","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Eip-2535: Diamonds","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Contract - 0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"Contract - 0x0AfFa06e7Fbe5bC9a764C979aA66E8256A631f02","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Solidity v0.5.0 breaking changes","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"Contract - 0x744d70FDBE2Ba4CF95131626614a1763DF805B9E","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"Status - access a better web, anywhere","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"Contract - 0x58FA7c39893d97dF81A0BacC997958CE7199E22d","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref87","article-title":"Eip-20: Erc-20 token standard","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Contract - 0xe367Fe584ADad878B9174ea4ddD8571878016811","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref89","article-title":"ChainId versus NetworkId? How do they differ on Ethereum?","author":"Gomes","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"EIP712 is here: What to expect and how to use it","author":"Jie","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"Contract - 0xE0dCc70880bee5579DD93C317d272a4121A80117","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref92","article-title":"Contract - 0x84aC94F17622241f313511B629e5E98f489AD6E4","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER.2017.7884650"},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"A tool that applies super-optimization techniques to optimize ethereum\u2019s smart contracts","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2020.2979019"},{"key":"ref96","article-title":"Version 0.4.5","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"Contract - 0xA43EBd8939D8328F5858119a3fb65f65c864c6Dd","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref98","article-title":"Compiler input and output json description","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref99","volume-title":"Unix: The Textbook","author":"Sarwar","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84800-044-5_3"},{"key":"ref101","article-title":"Estimategas source code","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref102","article-title":"Infinite gas warning in remix for a function","author":"Overflow","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"778","article-title":"sFuzz: An efficient adaptive fuzzer for solidity smart contracts","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Softw. Eng.","author":"Nguyen"},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"2757","article-title":"ETHBMC: A bounded model checker for smart contracts","volume-title":"Proc. 29th USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Frank"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32409-4_18"},{"key":"ref106","article-title":"Wana Symbolic execution of wasm bytecode for cross-platform smart contract vulnerability detection","author":"Wang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3457913.3457920"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2995183"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3368089.3417064"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2019.2949561"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-NIER.2019.00009"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2020.2989002"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.110647"},{"key":"ref114","first-page":"1382","article-title":"Finding Ethereum smart contracts security issues by comparing history versions","volume-title":"Proc. 35th IEEE\/ACM Int. Conf. Automated Softw. Eng.","author":"Chen"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APSEC53868.2021.00034"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.6679"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3431726"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWBOSE50093.2020.9050163"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2019.823"},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"81","article-title":"Towards saving money in using smart contracts","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE\/ACM Int. Conf. Softw. Eng.","author":"Chen"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER.2019.8668020"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.110923"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45237-7_7"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSME46990.2020.00073"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03427-6_33"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3511900"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BRAINS49436.2020.9223288"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-53356-4_10"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWBOSE50093.2020.9050186"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3754217"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC51774.2021.00033"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSA.2019.00050"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2021.09.021"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW.2019.00041"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AICCSA.2018.8612882"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72359-4_1"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-2777-7_41"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-020-00176-9"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FAS-W.2019.00052"},{"key":"ref140","first-page":"134","article-title":"A detailed and real-time performance monitoring framework for blockchain systems","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE\/ACM 40th Int. Conf. Softw. Eng.: Softw. Eng. Pract. Track","author":"Zheng"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.12.019"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-021-01127-0"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER50967.2021.00050"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APSEC51365.2020.00069"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/32\/10044379\/09745341.pdf?arnumber=9745341","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:29:17Z","timestamp":1705537757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9745341\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tse.2022.3163614","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-5589","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3520","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2326-3881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}}}