{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T10:58:36Z","timestamp":1770548316397,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010785","name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Alberta&#x0027;s Future Energy Systems research initiative"},{"name":"Canada CIFAR AI Chairs Program"},{"name":"Amii RAP program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2021-02549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2021-02549"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPAS-2021-00034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPAS-2021-00034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGECR-2021-00019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGECR-2021-00019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP20H04168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20H04168"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP21H04877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21H04877"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020959","name":"JST-Mirai Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJMI20B8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJMI20B8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020959","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IIEEE Trans. Software Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tse.2023.3282981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T17:49:21Z","timestamp":1685987361000},"page":"4058-4080","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":[": A Semantics-Guided Safety Enhancement Framework for AI-Enabled Cyber-Physical Systems"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7093-9781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayang","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3981-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8621-2420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11840817_87"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9326-7"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3453160"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"1861","article-title":"Soft actor-critic: Off-policy maximum entropy deep reinforcement learning with a stochastic actor","author":"haarnoja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTCS.2019.8923053"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Ensemble deep learning: A review","author":"ganaie","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4310\/SII.2009.v2.n3.a8"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.123962"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11494669_93"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Model-based reinforcement learning: A survey","author":"moerland","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2018.11.005"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3054625"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2022\/780"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Online abstraction with MDP homomorphisms for deep learning","author":"biza","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref42","author":"sutton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reinforcement Learning An Introduction"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"107","article-title":"ARCH-COMP20 category report: Artificial intelligence and neural network control systems (AINNCS) for continuous and hybrid systems plants","author":"johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 7th Int Workshop Appl Verification Continuous Hybrid Syst"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000071"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.301"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"10","article-title":"State abstractions for lifelong reinforcement learning","author":"abel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2018-0842"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCSYS.2021.3049917"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ACC.2017.7963784"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Reinforcement learning and control as probabilistic inference: Tutorial and review","author":"levine","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2018.09.005"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2019.2904358"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2019.2933191"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2018.10.060"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3106306"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"1861","article-title":"Soft actor-critic: Off-policy maximum entropy deep reinforcement learning with a stochastic actor","author":"haarnoja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1512\/iumj.1957.6.56038"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15297-9_9"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"1587","article-title":"Addressing function approximation error in actor-critic methods","author":"fujimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Continuous control with deep reinforcement learning","author":"lillicrap","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2011.6096958"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3089649.3089656"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-SEET.2017.16"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMARTCOMP.2016.7501717"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Proximal policy optimization algorithms","author":"schulman","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15297-9_9"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3054925"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9326-7_1"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-249"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2017.01.008"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1249"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1967-3_8"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-019-8208-z"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smr.1780"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Learning optimal decision trees from large datasets","author":"avellaneda","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NESEA.2010.5678065"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510457.3513049"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"23","article-title":"Fifth revolution: Applied AI & human intelligence with cyber physical systems","volume":"8","author":"pathak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Eng Adv Technol"},{"key":"ref15","year":"2022","journal-title":"Road Vehicles&#x2014;Safety of the Intended Functionality"},{"key":"ref14","year":"2018","journal-title":"Road Vehicles&#x2014;Functional Safety"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2129393"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"6131","article-title":"SUNRISE: A simple unified framework for ensemble learning in deep reinforcement learning","author":"lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2018.8591773"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10155210"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-020-01049-0"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11120246"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"189","article-title":"The case for modular redundancy in large-scale high performance computing systems","author":"engelmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc 8th IASTED Int Conf Parallel Distrib Comput Netw"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7871-2_45"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microrel.2013.09.002"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.62.0200","article-title":"The use of triple-modular redundancy to improve computer reliability","volume":"6","author":"lyons","year":"1962","journal-title":"IBM J Res Develop"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13133483"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3272127.3275071"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106342"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2906260"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.122123"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2020.3025158"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.113909"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/abd7bd"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.109675"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1145\/3324884.3416564","article-title":"Marble: Model-based Robustness Analysis of Stateful Deep Learning Systems","author":"du","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Int Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3338906.3338954"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2021.101290"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"A deep ensemble multi-agent reinforcement learning approach for air traffic control","author":"ghosh","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"SEERL: Sample efficient ensemble reinforcement learning","author":"saphal","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2021.101197"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117794"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2019.2933886"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-01882-7"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-020-09862-1"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WMED.2018.8360836"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ensemble learning method-based slice admission control for adaptive ran","author":"moon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2018.11.007"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-control-042920-020211"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Cyber-physical systems","volume":"12","author":"baheti","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Impact of Control Technology"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Ball balance control","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"Kinova Gen3 ultra lightweight robot","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118874"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11564096_32"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Lane keeping assist system using model predictive control","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Adaptive cruise control system using model predictive control","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Automatic parking valet with unreal engine simulation","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2022.3197693"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81685-8_29"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10703-017-0286-7"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17524-9_10"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2022.3194640"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"FalsifAI: Falsification of AI-enabled hybrid control systems guided by time-aware coverage criteria","author":"zhang","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2562059.2562140"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/32\/10217078\/10144351.pdf?arnumber=10144351","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T21:58:16Z","timestamp":1718143096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10144351\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tse.2023.3282981","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-5589","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3520","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2326-3881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}}}