{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T15:19:17Z","timestamp":1781191157825,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Linklaters, Luxembourg&#x0027;s National Research Fund","award":["BRIDGES\/19\/IS\/13759068\/ARTAGO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRIDGES\/19\/IS\/13759068\/ARTAGO"]}]},{"name":"NSERC of Canada"},{"name":"Discovery and CRC programs"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IIEEE Trans. Software Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tse.2023.3288901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T17:35:09Z","timestamp":1687887309000},"page":"4282-4303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["NLP-Based Automated Compliance Checking of Data Processing Agreements Against GDPR"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5140-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando Amaral","family":"Cejas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SnT Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0639-0359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Ilyas","family":"Azeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SnT Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6095-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sallam","family":"Abualhaija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SnT Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1393-1010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lionel C.","family":"Briand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SnT Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-021-00949-z"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2017.87"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE54965.2022.00016"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE54965.2022.00011"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RELAW.2011.6050270"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2008.36"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2014.6912249"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2014.6912250"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"360","article-title":"Understanding interobserver agreement: The Kappa statistic","volume":"37","author":"viera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Extended Java WordNet library","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Stanford typed dependencies manual","author":"de marneffe","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1989.10478785"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Java library for VerbNet","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-5201"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"The Java API for microsoft documents","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref44","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref43","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"WordNet similarity for Java","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1989","article-title":"From treebank to propbank","author":"kingsbury","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Lang Resour Eval"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"86","article-title":"The Berkeley FrameNet project","author":"baker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc 36th Annu Meeting Assoc Comput Linguistics 17th Int Conf Comput Linguistics"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089120102760275983"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2018.06.009"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"The GDPR: New opportunities, new obligations","year":"2018","journal-title":"Justice and Consumers"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"General data protection regulation","year":"2018","journal-title":"Official J Eur Union"},{"key":"ref5","author":"jurafsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Speech and Language Processing An Introduction to Natural Language Processing Computational Linguistics and Speech Recognition"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3462757.3466081"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3076921"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"932","article-title":"A dissimilarity with Dice-Jaro-Winkler test case prioritization approach for model-based testing in software product line","volume":"15","author":"sulaiman","year":"2021","journal-title":"KSII Trans Internet Inf Syst"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"100","article-title":"Automatic evaluation of topic coherence","author":"newman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Annu Conf North Amer Chapter Assoc Comput Linguistics"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1631862.1631865"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1614025.1614037"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00277"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1621474.1621480"},{"key":"ref30","author":"schuler","year":"2005","journal-title":"VerbNet A Broad-Coverage Comprehensive Verb Lexicon"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/981732.981751"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/318723.318728"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15575\/join.v6i1.640"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/662\/5\/052016"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-019-00315-y"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2018.00022"},{"key":"ref26","author":"miller","year":"1998","journal-title":"WordNet An Electronic Lexical Database"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219748"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Fine-tuned language models for text classification","author":"howard","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3437963.3441667"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1630"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Extending VerbNet with novel verb classes","author":"kipper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc 5th Int Conf Lang Resour Eval"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1596431.1596437"},{"key":"ref29","volume":"33","author":"agirre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Word Sense Disambiguation Algorithms and Applications"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"1533","article-title":"Semantic parsing on freebase from question-answer pairs","author":"berant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Conf Empirical Methods Natural Lang Process"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1212"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1004"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"12","article-title":"Using semantic roles to improve question answering","author":"shen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Joint Conf Empirical Methods Natural Lang Process Comput Natural Lang Learn"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-019-09243-2"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3180445.3180447"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli.2008.34.2.145"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11041762"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00408"},{"key":"ref98","first-page":"370","article-title":"Establishing a strong baseline for privacy policy classification","author":"nejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc IFIP Int Conf Inf Commun Technol Syst Secur Privacy Protection"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"21","article-title":"Semantic mapping using automatic word alignment and semantic role labeling","author":"wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc 5th Workshop Syntax Semantics Struct Statist Transl"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Simple BERT models for relation extraction and semantic role labeling","author":"shi","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"devlin","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.4431"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2014.6912249"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46397-1_18"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1882992.1883092"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RELAW.2009.9"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12206-9_22"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-016-9184-3"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1882992.1883092"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2009.9"},{"key":"ref85","author":"klaus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Requirements Engineering Fundamentals"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2907942"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"305","article-title":"Semantics of the verb shall in legal discourse","volume":"18","author":"krapivkina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jezikoslovlje"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-NIER52604.2021.00009"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2021.101288"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"A taxonomy for mining and classifying privacy requirements in issue reports","author":"sangaroonsilp","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlamp.2021.100733"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3425898.3426958"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"A systematic method for acquiring regulatory requirements: A frame-based approach","author":"breaux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc 6th Int Workshop Requirements High Assurance Syst"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3053130"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2006.68"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW55150.2022.00024"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS.2019.00131"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN48605.2020.9206660"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/REW53955.2021.00009"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2020-0004"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"569","article-title":"Di&#x00E1;logoP - A language and a graphical tool for formally defining GDPR purposes","author":"vanezi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 14th Int Conf Res Challenges Inf Sci"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SysCoBIoTS48768.2019.9028034"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2018.00023"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"884","article-title":"A step towards usable privacy policy: Automatic alignment of privacy statements","author":"liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 25th Int Conf Comput Linguistics"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2021.3124332"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2872427.2883035"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Don't accept candies from strangers: An analysis of third-party SDKs","author":"feal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Comput Privacy Data Protection Conf"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3514094.3534129"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11653-2_28"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-020-00677-4"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2014.6912273"},{"key":"ref112","article-title":"GDPR compliance in the context of continuous integration","author":"li","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-019-00718-z"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-013-0181-8"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"101","article-title":"Modelling legal knowledge for GDPR compliance checking","author":"palmirani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 31st Annu Conf Legal Knowl Inf Syst"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2009.21"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RELAW.2009.1"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS-ISA56441.2022.00023"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2009.42"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3465481.3470031"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00287-019-01201-1"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-021-01544-1"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3199882"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2007.65"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/FAIA210313"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3378061"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3463676.3485601"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3339252.3340516"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3320269.3372194"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23738871.2019.1635176"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/32\/10255132\/10167495.pdf?arnumber=10167495","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T18:55:59Z","timestamp":1696877759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10167495\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tse.2023.3288901","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-5589","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3520","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2326-3881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}}}