{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:32:38Z","timestamp":1770748358671,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006469","name":"Macao Science and Technology Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0047\/2020\/A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0047\/2020\/A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006469","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006469","name":"Macao Science and Technology Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0014\/2022\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0014\/2022\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006469","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hong Kong RGC","award":["PolyU15224121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU15224121"]}]},{"name":"HKPolyU","award":["ZVG0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZVG0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IIEEE Trans. Software Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tse.2023.3308952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T17:54:54Z","timestamp":1693245294000},"page":"4639-4655","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Do Pretrained Language Models Indeed Understand Software Engineering Tasks?"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0474-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6272-4069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9082-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiapu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5224-9970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haipeng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9918-7180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sen","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9469-5864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3180155.3180167"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"1631","article-title":"Recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank","volume":"1631","author":"socher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc EMNLP"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939778"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Corpus of linguistic acceptability","author":"warstadt","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.449"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Quora question pairs","author":"chen","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.139"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automatically constructing a corpus of sentential paraphrases","author":"dolan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Int Workshop Paraphrasing"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"74","article-title":"ROUGE: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries","author":"lin","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Workshop Text Summarization Branches Out Post-Conf Workshop ACL"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"65","article-title":"METEOR: An automatic metric for MT evaluation with improved correlation with human judgments","author":"banerjee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Intrinsic Extrinsic Eval Meas Mach Transl Summarization"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2021.3087402"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1264"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"15395","article-title":"Overinterpretation reveals image classification model pathologies","volume":"34","author":"carter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-5301"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSRE5003.2020.00027"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1195"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving language understanding by generative pre-training","author":"radford","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"193","article-title":"Poster: DWEN: Deep word embedding network for duplicate bug report detection in software repositories","volume":"137351","author":"budhiraja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc IEEE\/ACM 40th Int Conf Softw Eng Companion (ICSE-Companion)"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"311","article-title":"BLEU: A method for automatic evaluation of machine translation","author":"papineni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Ling"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Learning to rank relevant files for bug reports using domain knowledge, replication and extension of a learning-to-rank approach","author":"safdari","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER48275.2020.9054840"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/QRS-C.2017.17"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smr.2424"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-014-9344-6"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2020.106278"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSMR.2011.24"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2009.28"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ESEM.2009.5314231"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"1","article-title":"What made you do this? Understanding black-box decisions with sufficient input subsets","volume":"89","author":"carter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 22nd Int Conf AISTATS"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-021-09965-5"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246126"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","volume":"2019","author":"devlin","year":"0","journal-title":"Conf North Amer Chapter Assoc Comput Ling Hum Lang Technol (NAACL-HLT)"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1566","article-title":"Assessment in software development for competitive environments: An AI strategy development case study","volume":"10","author":"duarte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electronics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/LHT-12-2021-0480"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"4302","article-title":"Earned value method and application in software project management","volume":"29","author":"zheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng Comput"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2022.103143"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSME.2017.69"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2015.42"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1202"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2950290.2950341"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"6297","article-title":"Learned in translation: Contextualized word vectors","author":"mccann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 31st Int Conf Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2597073.2597077"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1985793.1985809"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAI.1994.346519"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"5999","article-title":"Attention is all you need","volume":"2017","author":"vaswani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3074394"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00335"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2884781.2884808"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-015-9421-5"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"1","article-title":"Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality","author":"mikolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"27th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.1049-1050.2032"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-021-10105-2"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2011.6100061"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031171.1031181"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"125","article-title":"Counterfactual explanations for models of code","author":"cito","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE\/ACM Int Conf Softw Eng Softw Eng Pract"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3468264.3468539"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"A comprehensive empirical study of vision-language pre-trained model for supervised cross-modal retrieval","author":"zeng","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3468264.3468597"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2017.2664836"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2022.3152239"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36054-1_4"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"1","article-title":"An empirical evaluation of deep learning-based source code vulnerability detection: Representation versus models","volume":"24","author":"semasaba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Software: Evolution and Process"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.391"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2006.18.7.1527"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11114793"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"1","article-title":"XLNet: Generalized autoregressive pretraining for language understanding","author":"yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc 33rd Conf Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2019.2928551"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02664763.2018.1441383"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1858996.1859006"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3511598"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.eacl-main.217"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08453-9"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach","author":"liu","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MECO55406.2022.9797081"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"PMI-Masking: Principled masking of correlated spans","author":"levine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 9th Int Conf Learn Represent Virtual Event"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S17-2001"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/502649.502652"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2021.3124365"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/32\/10286436\/10232920.pdf?arnumber=10232920","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T18:22:52Z","timestamp":1750875772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10232920\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tse.2023.3308952","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-5589","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3520","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2326-3881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}}}