{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:54:19Z","timestamp":1773708859295,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61932012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61932012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62372228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62372228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Cybersecurity R&#x0026;D Programme","award":["NCRP25-P04-TAICeN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCRP25-P04-TAICeN"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IIEEE Trans. Software Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tse.2024.3422274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T17:30:22Z","timestamp":1720027822000},"page":"2077-2095","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Esale: Enhancing Code-Summary Alignment Learning for Source Code Summarization"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9930-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunrong","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9236-8264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weisong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-5564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4370-3327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4462-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tencent Inc., Shenzhen, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2495-3805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2193-3696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yudu","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1102-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7300-9215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9592-7022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"215","article-title":"The effect of modularization and comments on program comprehension","volume-title":"Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Softw. Eng.","author":"Woodfield","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.6171"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2017.2734091"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"746","article-title":"Code to comment \u201ctranslation\u201d: Data, metrics, baselining & evaluation","volume-title":"Proc. 35th Int. Conf. Automated Softw. Eng.","author":"Gros","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"138","article-title":"Maintenance productivity: Observations based on an experience in a large system environment","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Conf. Centre Adv. Stud. Collaborative Res.","author":"Hartzman","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1085313.1085331"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1137983.1138030"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1359","article-title":"CPC: Automatically classifying and propagating natural language comments via program analysis","volume-title":"Proc. 42nd Int. Conf. Softw. Eng.","author":"Zhai","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3434280"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/382208.382523"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:LIDA.0000048322.42751.ca"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/314"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCRE.2010.13"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC.2013.6613829"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comprehensive study of StaQC for deep code summarization","volume-title":"Proc. 24th ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. Knowl. Discovery Data Mining","author":"Reddy","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Automatic code summarization: a systematic literature review","author":"Zhu","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1394"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3314111.3319834"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3387904.3389258"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER50967.2021.00038"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510003.3510060"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3468264.3468588"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3501256"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1858996.1859006"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER.2015.7081848"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1145\/3196321.3196334","article-title":"Deep code comment generation","volume-title":"Proc. 26th Int. Conf. Program Comprehension, Gothenburg","author":"Hu","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2013.6693113"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE51524.2021.9678724"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"349","article-title":"Retrieve and refine: Exemplar-based neural comment generation","volume-title":"Proc. 35th Int. Conf. Automated Softw. Eng.","author":"Wei","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1195"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1810.04805"},{"issue":"140","key":"ref32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer","volume":"21","author":"Raffel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.139"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.685"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.499"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving language understanding by generative pre-training","author":"Alec","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2019.00087"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2019.8851751"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-019-09730-9"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Multi-task learning with deep neural networks: A survey","author":"Crawshaw","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1441"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"2493","article-title":"Natural language processing (almost)from scratch","volume":"12","author":"Collobert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.111133"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER50967.2021.00014"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Implementation code of ESALE","author":"Fang","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-acl.93"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-4808"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131047"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00254"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"1","article-title":"GraphCodeBERT: Pre-training code representations with data flow","volume-title":"Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Learn. Representations, Virtual Event","author":"Guo","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach","author":"Liu","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"473","article-title":"Multi-task learning based pre-trained language model for code completion","volume-title":"Proc. 35th Int. Conf. Automated Softw. Eng.","author":"Liu","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"13042","article-title":"Unified language model pre-training for natural language understanding and generation","volume-title":"Proc. 32nd Annu. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Dong","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007379606734"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"314","article-title":"A parallel corpus of Python functions and documentation strings for automated code documentation and code generation","volume-title":"Proc. 8th Int. Joint Conf. Natural Lang. Process.","author":"Barone","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Retrieval-based neural source code summarization","volume-title":"Proc. 42nd Int. Conf. Softw. Eng.","author":"Zhang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"6559","article-title":"Code generation as a dual task of code summarization","volume-title":"Proc. 33rd Annu. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Wei","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.449"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER53432.2022.00013"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359591.3359735"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.339"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"CodeSearchNet challenge: Evaluating the state of semantic code search","author":"Husain","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"1","article-title":"CodeXGLUE: A machine learning benchmark dataset for code understanding and generation","volume-title":"Proc. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. Track Datasets Benchmarks, virtual","author":"Lu","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"65","article-title":"METEOR: An automatic metric for MT evaluation with improved correlation with human judgments","volume-title":"Proc. Workshop Intrinsic Extrinsic Eval. Measures Mach. Transl. Summarization","author":"Banerjee","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"74","article-title":"ROUGE: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries","volume-title":"Proc. 42nd Annu. Meeting Assoc. Comput. Linguistics Workshop Text Summarization Branches Out","author":"Lin","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3238147.3238206"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC52881.2021.00010"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2020.2979701"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC52881.2021.00032"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC52881.2021.00026"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC52881.2021.00049"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization","volume-title":"Proc. 3th Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Kingma","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stvr.1486"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2771783.2771784"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3540250.3549145"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"ESALE","author":"Fang","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.332"},{"key":"ref81","volume-title":"Critical Values and Probability Levels for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test","author":"Wilcoxon","year":"1963"},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"CoCoSum: Contextual code summarization with multi-relational graph neural network","author":"Wang","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3524610.3527907"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3524610.3527903"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER53432.2022.00112"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3428301"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3522674"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Automatic code summarization via multi-dimensional semantic fusing in GNN","author":"Liu","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/QRS60937.2023.00027"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3632742"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3379597.3387449"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3551349.3556909"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3596490"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.85"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icse-fose59343.2023.00008"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-FoSE59343.2023.00008"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3551349.3559555"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10515-024-00421-4"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE56229.2023.00109"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597503.3608134"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automatic semantic augmentation of language model prompts (for code summarization)","volume-title":"Proc. 46th Int. Conf. Softw. Eng.","author":"Pai","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref102","article-title":"Automatic code summarization via ChatGPT: How far are we?","author":"Sun","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3540250.3549113"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.325"},{"key":"ref105","article-title":"A prompt learning framework for source code summarization","author":"Sun","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/32\/10636961\/10584357.pdf?arnumber=10584357","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T19:43:22Z","timestamp":1723837402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10584357\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tse.2024.3422274","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-5589","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3520","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2326-3881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}}}