{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T14:34:12Z","timestamp":1768314852907,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China","award":["2025AFB969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AFB969"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IIEEE Trans. Software Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tse.2025.3636150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T18:59:48Z","timestamp":1764010788000},"page":"286-303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring and Analyzing Software Architecture Refactoring in Practice"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2821-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer &#x0026; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Smart Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7556-153X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer &#x0026; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Smart Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6920-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaochao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer &#x0026; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Smart Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8378-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haopeng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer &#x0026; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Smart Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9082-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer &#x0026; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Smart Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9015-4686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinya","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer &#x0026; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Smart Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSMR.1999.756691"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/141874.141884"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WICSA.2005.61"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Software Architecture in Practice","author":"Bass","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.12.026","article-title":"Software sustainability: Research and practice from a software architecture viewpoint","volume":"138","author":"Venters","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2019.2910856"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2012.167"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2884781.2884822"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Refactoring: improving the Design of Existing Code.","author":"Fowler","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSMR.2007.25"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407772-0.00003-4","article-title":"Chapter 3 - Refactoring software architectures","volume-title":"Agile Software Architecture","author":"Stal","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2962695.2962716"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2015.37"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECBS.2006.40"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INTECH.2012.6457781"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2975945.2975946"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3368089.3417941"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3408302"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2950290.2950317"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2896935.2896938"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSAW.2017.16"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSA-C.2018.00006"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.04.035","article-title":"Early evaluation of technical debt impact on maintainability","volume":"142","author":"Conejero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSA-C.2019.00054"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3387904.3389276"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"Refactoring for Software Design Smells: Managing Technical Debt","author":"Suryanarayana","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MTD.2015.7332625"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02351-4_10"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2021.3060068"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593434.3593442"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2025.112382","article-title":"An empirical investigation of the impact of architectural smells on software maintainability","volume":"225","author":"Jolak","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2021.3102221"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2015.07.005"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544902.3546245"},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"Refactoring in Large Software Projects: performing Complex Restructurings Successfully.","author":"Lippert","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2393596.2393655"},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"Building Microservices: designing Fine-Grained Systems","author":"Newman","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2012.6405249"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-015-9379-3"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-016-1672-0"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER.2018.8330202"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3213846.3213866"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377811.3380395"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSME46990.2020.00020"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2019.2954319"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2020.2981317"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3494518"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-021-10045-x"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WICSA.2016.13"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSA.2019.00018"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC52881.2021.00037"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.111005","article-title":"Mining architecture tactics and quality attributes knowledge in stack overflow","volume":"180","author":"Bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.111608","article-title":"Characterizing architecture related posts and their usefulness in stack overflow","volume":"198","author":"de Dieu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSA53651.2022.00014"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"All sites - stack exchange."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3382494.3410693"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3382494.3422161"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3468264.3468582"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3550150"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER56733.2023.00063"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Stack exchange API"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/798843"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3628034.3628073"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3698322.3698334"},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"Clean Architecture: A Craftsman\u2019s Guide to Software Structure and Design.","author":"Martin","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref67","volume-title":"Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture.","author":"Fowler","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref68","volume-title":"Design Patterns: elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software","volume":"431","author":"Gamma","year":"1995"},{"issue":"34","key":"ref69","first-page":"597","article-title":"Design principles and design patterns","volume":"1","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Object Mentor"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1571\/bda2-2-06cc"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSA-C65153.2025.00070"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.03.071","article-title":"RCDA: Architecting as a risk- and cost management discipline","volume":"85","author":"Poort","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref73","volume-title":"Just Enough Software Architecture: A Risk-Driven Approach","author":"Fairbanks","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58923-3_16"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2002.1167822"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ESEM.2019.8870177"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2019.05.002","article-title":"A large-scale empirical exploration on refactoring activities in open source software projects","volume":"180","author":"Vassallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Comput. Program."}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/32\/11346545\/11267057.pdf?arnumber=11267057","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:19:57Z","timestamp":1768295997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11267057\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tse.2025.3636150","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-5589","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3520","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2326-3881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}