{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:19:20Z","timestamp":1773883160939,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation, Singapore, and the Cyber Security Agency of Singapore under its National Cybersecurity R&D Programme","award":["NCR25-DeSCEmT-SMU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCR25-DeSCEmT-SMU"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IIEEE Trans. Software Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tse.2026.3655766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T21:09:38Z","timestamp":1769029778000},"page":"923-938","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automated TEE Adaptation With LLMs: Identifying, Transforming, and Porting Sensitive Functions in Programs"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6859-6005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruidong","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5938-1918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhou","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9256-6930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6709-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6794-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuqing","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3479-5713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siqi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9412-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4367-7201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP54263.2024.00052"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2022.3148379"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS47774.2020.00013"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2021.3138427"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2023.23041"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2024.3380367"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3627050.3631578"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-024-00877-6"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3320269.3384717"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2019.23197"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SRDS53918.2021.00013"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8690853"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Intel software guard extensions (SGX)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Intel trusted domain extensions (TDX)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Secure encrypted virtualization (SEV)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Arm trustzone technology","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"285","article-title":"Glamdring: Automatic application partitioning for intel $\\{${SGX$\\}$}","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Annu. Tech. Conf. (USENIX ATC 17)","author":"Lind","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2023.3318400"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE48619.2023.00142"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18293\/SEKE2018-151"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE56229.2023.00097"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2017.23037"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3368089.3409726"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"100","article-title":"Building and maintaining a third-party library supply chain for productive and secure SGX enclave development","volume-title":"Proc. 42nd IEEE\/ACM Int. Conf. Softw. Eng.: Softw. Eng. Pract. (ICSE-SEIP)","author":"Wang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"React: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models","volume-title":"Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Learn. Representat. (ICLR)","author":"Yao","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"OpenTEE: Open trusted execution environment","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE56229.2023.00096"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3533767.3534390"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSME52107.2021.00021"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597503.3608134"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597926.3598135"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE56229.2023.00143"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3600160.3600169"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3326985"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510003.3510150"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25385-0_38"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2024.24390"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2024.104119"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2024.103221"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"What you trust is insecure: Demystifying how developers (mis)use trusted execution environments in practice","author":"Niu","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3424978.3425052"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3212719"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3412841.3442033"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN58367.2023.00028"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3554732"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6689486"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2024.104293"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.111253"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"20601","article-title":"Unsupervised translation of programming languages","volume":"33","author":"Roziere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing System"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2020.3020502"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"SpoC: Search-based pseudocode to code","volume":"32","author":"Kulal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing System"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3643769"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2024.107565"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3354241"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3427228.3427262"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3294996.3295163"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Gpt-4o","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Qwen2.5 technical report","volume":"abs\/2409.12186","author":"Hui","year":"2024","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Deepseek-v3 technical report","author":"Liu","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models","author":"Touvron","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3520312.3534864"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"171","article-title":"Model checking one million lines of c code","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"NDSS"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.52"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46214.2022.9833582"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177730491.MR0022058.Zbl0041.26103"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2635868.2635922"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3212695"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02295996"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Microsoft copilot is your companion to inform, entertain and inspire. get advice, feedback and straightforward answers","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3080556.3084082"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11535218_2"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Rust SGX","year":"2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref73","first-page":"360","article-title":"Understanding interobserver agreement: The kappa statistic","volume":"37","author":"Viera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE48619.2023.00142"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"3423","article-title":"ACAI: Protecting accelerator execution with arm confidential computing architecture","volume-title":"Proc. 33rd USENIX Security Symp. (USENIX Security 24)","author":"Sridhara","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-Companion58688.2023.00074"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i13.27087"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"23685","article-title":"BabelTower: Learning to auto-parallelized program translation","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn. (ICML)","author":"Wen","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2024.3379583"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/32\/11440029\/11359129.pdf?arnumber=11359129","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T19:38:37Z","timestamp":1773862717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11359129\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tse.2026.3655766","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-5589","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3520","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2326-3881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}}}