{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T01:16:35Z","timestamp":1783732595766,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62372071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62372071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022CDJDX-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CDJDX-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-STX0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-STX0007"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project","award":["CSTB2023TIAD-STX0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023TIAD-STX0025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IIEEE Trans. Software Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tse.2026.3663143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T21:06:41Z","timestamp":1771276001000},"page":"1371-1390","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cost-Effective Adversarial Attacks Against Code LLM With Model Attention"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6013-1369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weifeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Big Data and Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8754-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naiqi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Big Data and Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9538-9121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Big Data and Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2603-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Big Data and Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1981-1626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9715-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Big Data and Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4367-7201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3533767.3534390"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-FoSE59343.2023.00008"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597503.3639142"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE48619.2023.00188"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2023.3330982"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3551349.3556929"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER53432.2022.00070"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510003.3510181"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICST49551.2021.00016"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2021.106552"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510003.3510146"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.5469"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3501256"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3611643.3616356"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3428230"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Explaining and harnessing adversarial examples","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2016.41"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Ensemble adversarial training: Attacks and defenses","author":"Tram\u00e8r","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.139"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.685"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.383"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"A grey-box text attack framework using explainable AI","author":"Chiramal","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.naacl-main.321"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Understanding intermediate layers using linear classifier probes","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Anonymous GitHub","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Is model attention aligned with human attention? an empirical study on large language models for code generation","author":"Kou","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Evaluating feature importance estimates","author":"Hooker","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"Interpretable Machine Learning: A Guide For Making Black Box Models Interpretable","author":"Molnar","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-4828"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.3019893"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Understanding neural networks through representation erasure","author":"Li","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Attention interpretability across NLP tasks","author":"Vashishth","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"What does transformer learn about source code?","author":"Zhang","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.649"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3524842.3528452"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3533767.3534371"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2023.3286586"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Devign: Effective vulnerability identification by learning comprehensive program semantics via graph neural networks","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing System"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"FFmpeg","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Devign: Effective vulnerability identification by learning comprehensive program semantics via graph neural networks","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"CodeXGLUE: A machine learning benchmark dataset for code understanding and generation","author":"Lu","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSME.2014.77"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"CodeChef","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3511887"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3524610.3527921"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Deep inside convolutional networks: visualising image classification models and saliency maps","author":"Simonyan","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Not just a black box: learning important features through propagating activation differences","author":"Shrikumar","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"3319","article-title":"Axiomatic attribution for deep networks","volume-title":"Proc. 34th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","volume":"70","author":"Sundararajan","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Treesitter","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Towards a rigorous science of interpretable machine learning","author":"Kim","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4380-9_16"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.446"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.581"},{"issue":"140","key":"ref55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer","volume":"21","author":"Raffel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1571941.1572114"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2024.3358489"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i1.16119"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"1245","article-title":"AACEGEN: Attention guided adversarial code example generation for deep code models","volume-title":"Proc. 39th IEEE\/ACM Int. Conf. Autom. Softw. Eng.","author":"Li","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE56229.2023.00149"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3660808"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref62","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning","volume":"4","author":"Bishop","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"STRATA: Simple, gradient-free attacks for models of code","author":"Springer","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCS54210.2022.00029"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i12.26739"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Generating adversarial computer programs using optimized obfuscations","author":"Srikant","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/32\/11488173\/11397436.pdf?arnumber=11397436","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T05:17:39Z","timestamp":1776748659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11397436\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tse.2026.3663143","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-5589","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3520","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2326-3881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}