{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:42:03Z","timestamp":1784126523734,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006133","name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DE-AR0001061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AR0001061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tsg.2025.3576618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T13:57:03Z","timestamp":1749045423000},"page":"3831-3842","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Hardware-in-the-Loop Experimental Testbed Using Air Conditioners for Grid Balancing"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6400-3679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwagbemileke E.","family":"Oyefeso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8046-8495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drew A.","family":"Geller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gas Transfer Systems Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6162-806X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis M.","family":"Granitsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3316-9008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duncan S.","family":"Callaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy and Resources Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8834-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna L.","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Final 2021 integrated energy policy report, volume I: Building Decarbonization","author":"Kenney","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS)","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2008.12.012"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Dataport","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.04.054"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15325008.2016.1232321"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EPEC.2015.7379973"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2172\/926113","volume-title":"Pacific Northwest GridWise\u2122 Testbed demonstration Projects; Part-I. Olympic Peninsula Project","author":"Hammerstrom","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en11020371"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2016.2628897"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2016.2628893"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"FLEXLAB","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2024.3513296"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Variable-speed, low-cost motor for residential HVAC systems","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Co-simulation Testbed and controllers for compressor-based loads providing grid balancing services","author":"Ledva","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Tech:Residential\u2013GridLAB-D Wiki","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1040684"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2012.2204074"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Automatic Control Systems","author":"Golnaraghi","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCTA49430.2022.9966187"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCTA49430.2022.9966155"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ACC.2017.7963154"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Final Project Report: Load Modeling Transmission Research","author":"Lesiutre","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2013.2266121"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer","author":"Incropera","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1804326"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1836964"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"PJM-Ancillary Services","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCS.2010.937677"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"PJM Performance Score","author":"Dropkin","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/5165411\/11134545\/11023557.pdf?arnumber=11023557","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T04:38:51Z","timestamp":1755923931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11023557\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tsg.2025.3576618","relation":{},"ISSN":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1949-3053","type":"print"},{"value":"1949-3061","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}}}