{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T01:25:37Z","timestamp":1783819537654,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","award":["W912HZ-23-2-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W912HZ-23-2-0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern, Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tsmc.2025.3579706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T13:39:08Z","timestamp":1751981948000},"page":"6723-6738","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Imbalance-Aware Culvert-Sewer Defect Segmentation Using an Enhanced Feature Pyramid Network"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Rasha","family":"Alshawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8833-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Meftahul","family":"Ferdaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Abdelguerfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2925-8856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kendall N.","family":"Niles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4038-119X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2021.3132026"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2024.3377280"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13241583.2021.1996679"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2023.105480"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171566"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS39084.2020.9323936"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12991"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3168660"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Harmonizing output imbalance for semantic segmentation on extremely-imbalanced input data","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2211.05295"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2021.103840"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12900"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14116634"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w14030333"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113913"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cbms58004.2023.00237"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245100"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IUS51837.2023.10306917"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Large-kernel attention for efficient and robust brain lesion segmentation","author":"Chalcroft","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.07251"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-021-02603-z"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIIC57133.2023.10067062"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00051"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.106"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2022.3207431"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"114","article-title":"MPNet: Multiscale predictions based on feature pyramid network for semantic segmentation","volume-title":"Proc. 14th Int. Conf. Ubiquitous Future Netw. (ICUFN)","author":"Toan"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-021-02446-8"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2022.3225200"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3132834"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35940\/ijitee.H9186.0610821"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP42928.2021.9506644"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2021.3116210"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.01505"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"An image is worth more than 16x16 patches: Exploring transformers on individual pixels","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2406.09415"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12101561"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030501"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69525-5_39"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00986"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2024.3383513"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.195"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2699184"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Attention U-Net: Learning where to look for the pancreas","author":"Oktay","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1804.03999"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51184-7"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2024.111798"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Dual attention U-net with feature infusion: Pushing the boundaries of multiclass defect segmentation","author":"Alshawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2312.14053"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2023.105602"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12530-023-09559-0"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.308"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"Pottawatomie County, Appendix D","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-16788-1_21"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.3046692"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-019-0192-5"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b12207"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122778"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6221021\/11173269\/11073070.pdf?arnumber=11073070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T12:25:28Z","timestamp":1759235128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11073070\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tsmc.2025.3579706","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-2216","type":"print"},{"value":"2168-2232","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}}}