{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T18:46:20Z","timestamp":1766083580296,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006919","name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Presidential Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Doctoral Scholarship","award":["PGSD3-547366-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGSD3-547366-2020"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory and U.S. Air Force Artificial Intelligence Accelerator","award":["Cooperative Agreement FA8750-19-2-1000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cooperative Agreement FA8750-19-2-1000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern, Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tsmc.2025.3618535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T17:39:23Z","timestamp":1761759563000},"page":"59-73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heart Rate Varies With Mental Workload and Performance in Virtual Reality Flight Tasks"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4499-2359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Koerner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Cambridge, MA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2754-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hrishikesh M.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7649-6727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle","family":"McAlpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Air Force, Washington, DC, USA"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Ciccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2446-1499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Heldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31274\/rtd-180813-10313"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2015.11.013"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00565"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","first-page":"B231","article-title":"EEG correlates of task engagement and mental workload in vigilance, learning, and memory tasks","volume":"78","author":"Berka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2009.2036164"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.08.028"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Workload assessment methodology","volume-title":"Cognitive Processes and Performance","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2011.03.005"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00268"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17077\/etd.hqx7edns"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(92)90018-P"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00049536508255522"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08860"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00613.x"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC42975.2020.9283499"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref16","first-page":"1078","article-title":"Inflight workload assessment: Comparison of subjective and physiological measurements","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aviation, space, Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2015.1136699"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327108IJAP1201_2"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4036921"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-017-0723-6"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"1718","article-title":"The investigation and application of virtual reality as an educational tool","volume-title":"Proc. Amer. Soc. Eng. Educ. Annu. Conf.","author":"Bell"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","first-page":"59","article-title":"Reasons to use virtual reality in education and training courses and a model to determine when to use virtual reality","volume":"2","author":"Pantelidis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Themes Sci. Technol. Educ."},{"volume-title":"A cost-benefit analysis of pilot training next","year":"2019","author":"Pope","key":"ref23"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIEDS.2019.8735628"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Multimodal physiological monitoring during virtual reality piloting tasks (version 1.0.0)","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"PhysioNet"},{"volume-title":"XQRS","year":"2022","key":"ref26"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1985.325532"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"MATLAB implementation of pan Tompkins ECG QRS detector","volume-title":"Code Available at the File Exchange Site of MathWorks","author":"Sedghamiz","year":"2014"},{"article-title":"Assessing pilot workload in flight. Flight test techniques","volume-title":"Proc. NATO Advisory Group Aerosp. Res. Develop. (AGARD)","author":"Roscoe","key":"ref29"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213601014"},{"volume-title":"JASP (Version 0.16.1)[Computer Software]","year":"2022","key":"ref31"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"458","article-title":"Distinguishing emotional from physical activation in ambulatory psychophysiological monitoring","volume":"42","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.024"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1457199.1457203"},{"volume-title":"What\u2019s the Use of Lectures?","year":"1998","author":"Bligh","key":"ref35"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225709"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2388676.2388738"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2011.2116000"},{"volume-title":"Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience","year":"1990","author":"Csikszentmihalyi","key":"ref39"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018432"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.01.006"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e409092004-001"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref43","first-page":"630","article-title":"Stress and workload in pilots","volume":"49","author":"Roscoe","year":"1978","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, Environ. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref44","first-page":"527","article-title":"Towards an objective assessment of cockpit workload. I. Physiological variables during different flight phases","volume":"44","author":"Opmeer","year":"1973","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref45","first-page":"435","article-title":"Autonomic activity and workload during learning of a simulated aircraft carrier landing task","volume":"54","author":"Lindholm","year":"1983","journal-title":"Aviation"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2005.04.005"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2018.1545054"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1752-2"},{"article-title":"Determining learning level and effective training times using thermography","volume-title":"Proc. 25th Army Sci. Conf.","author":"Kang","key":"ref49"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref50","first-page":"402","article-title":"Inflight application of three pilot workload measurement techniques","volume":"58","author":"Hart","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16152716"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2014.956151"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123723"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6221021\/11301985\/11220921.pdf?arnumber=11220921","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T18:34:26Z","timestamp":1766082866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11220921\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tsmc.2025.3618535","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-2216","2168-2232"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2168-2216"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2168-2232"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}