{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T21:17:55Z","timestamp":1768339075553,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-1845204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1845204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graphics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tvcg.2021.3114784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T21:37:32Z","timestamp":1632951452000},"page":"769-779","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["AffectiveTDA: Using Topological Data Analysis to Improve Analysis and Explainability in Affective Computing"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Hamza","family":"Elhamdadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shaun","family":"Canavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2743938"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"1","article-title":"3D Spatio-Temporal Face Recognition Using Dynamic Range Model Sequences","author":"sun","year":"0","journal-title":"IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2934802"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2015.7163081"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Visualizing Data Using t-SNE","volume":"9","author":"van der maaten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"ref77","author":"vapnik","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14733\/cadaps.2019.256-268"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Impact of action unit occurrence patterns on detection","author":"hinduja","year":"2020","journal-title":"ArXiv Preprint"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR48806.2021.9412656"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Recognizing context using facial expression dynamics from action unit patterns","author":"hinduja","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing (Under Review)"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2011.177"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"36","article-title":"What is… persistent homology?","volume":"58","author":"weinberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Notices of the AMS"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Multilinear Modelling of Faces and Expressions","author":"grasshof","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2938671"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2012.2"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1872212108666140301004120"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2016.07.011"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2017.05.009"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PacificVis.2018.00024"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IDSTA50958.2020.9264141"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/15861"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2019.2947244"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-28954-6_7"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Impact of Multiple Modalities on Emotion Recognition: Investigation into 3d Facial Landmarks, Action Units, and Physiological Data","author":"fabiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"ArXiv Preprint"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartTechCon.2017.8358488"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2019.8756614"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2016.7899906"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1140.001.0001"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VISAP51628.2020.00007"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2020.2988264"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2744321"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2012.248"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"A novel machine vision-based 3d facial action unit identification for fatigue detection","author":"sikander","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW50321.2020.9096947"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2018.06.017"},{"key":"ref20","author":"edelsbrunner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computational Topology An Introduction"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470013494.ch3"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.2000.892133"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.4.712"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/semi.1969.1.1.49"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2020.2977225"},{"key":"ref25","author":"ekman","year":"1997","journal-title":"What the Face Reveals Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2886767"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.1998.670980"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2016.2557063"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3394171.3413674"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617692000"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093046"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Umap: Uniform manifold approximation and projection for dimension reduction","author":"mcinnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"ArXiv Preprint"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208525"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2013.4"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2010.2082525"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00950"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.06.062"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"93970","article-title":"Emotion-prints: Interaction-driven emotion visualization on multi-touch interfaces","volume":"9397","author":"cernea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Visualization and Data Analysis 2015"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"9","article-title":"Group affective tone awareness and regulation through virtual agents","author":"cernea","year":"0","journal-title":"Proceeding of IVA 2014 Workshop on Affective Agents"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG47880.2020.00060"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11018-5_3"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00454-006-1276-5"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.927467"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158666"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3382507.3417973"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"199","article-title":"Automatic 4D Facial Expression Recognition Using DCT Features","author":"xue","year":"0","journal-title":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision"},{"key":"ref17","year":"0"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG47880.2020.00087"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/MIPRO.2018.8400040"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2008.4813324"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1090\/conm\/453\/08802"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00231"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020192224"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.374"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Openface: an open source facial behavior analysis toolkit","author":"baltru\u0161aitis","year":"0","journal-title":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"2138","article-title":"3D Deformation Signature for Dynamic Face Recognition","author":"aouada","year":"0","journal-title":"IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29007\/rz62"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100619832930"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2016.7900284"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2015.06.006"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2020.2981446"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"Emotioncues: Emotion-oriented visual summarization of classroom videos","author":"zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.08.043"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2014.06.002"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2001261"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0262-8856(92)90076-F"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.1900649"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289565"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Glyph-Based Visualization of Affective States","author":"kovacevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"EuroVis - Short Papers"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Subject Identification across Large Expression Variations Using 3D Facial Landmarks","author":"jannat","year":"2020","journal-title":"ArXiv Preprint"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.10.010"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3064175"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3348445.3351307"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/2945\/9663056\/9552237-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/2945\/9663056\/09552237.pdf?arnumber=9552237","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T18:50:10Z","timestamp":1649443810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9552237\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tvcg.2021.3114784","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-2626","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-0506","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2160-9306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}}}