{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T15:23:20Z","timestamp":1777735400592,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"4VA research","award":["12345-67890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12345-67890"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graphics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tvcg.2025.3549567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T17:38:32Z","timestamp":1741628312000},"page":"2395-2405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Virtual Reality Impacts on Novice Programmers' Self-Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Nanlin","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2942-5793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wallace S.","family":"Lages","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3325480.3325489"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2771839.2771875"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287324.3287482"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80865-5_6"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341525.3387380"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00897970138a"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9030159"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Psychometric tests as cognitive tasks: A new\u2019structure of intellect","author":"B. Carroll","year":"1974"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","first-page":"445","volume-title":"Review of educational research","volume":"53","author":"Clark","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"107","article-title":"Alice: a 3-d tool for introductory programming concepts","volume":"15","author":"Cooper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"06361 executive report-computing media languages for space-oriented computation","volume-title":"Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings","author":"DeHon","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581004"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"U. O. of Naval Research. Manual for Kit of Factor Referenced Cognitive Tests","author":"Ekstrom","year":"1996","journal-title":"Educational Testing Service"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC.2012.6240511"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2017.01.018"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0410915"},{"key":"ref18","author":"Hartig","year":"2022","journal-title":"DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi-Level \/Mixed) Regression Models"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-010-9126-7"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/ijgcms.2014040104"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Investigating the novelty effect in virtual reality on stem learning","author":"Huang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20621-9_1"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Development and validation of two instruments measuring intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load","volume":"8","author":"Klepsch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2010.05.001"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.10.011"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200477"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200477"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-021-09650-5"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fict.2018.00015"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.07.010"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.06.006","article-title":"How does desktop virtual reality enhance learning outcomes? a structural equation modeling approach","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"181","article-title":"Spatial abilities as traits, processes, and knowledge","volume-title":"Advances in the psychology of human intelligence","author":"Lohman","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3381891"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5926\/arepj1962.41.0_27"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/6138.6142"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12018"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.02.004"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1028174.971328"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/KELVAR.2017.7961558"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139547369.004"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.86.1.122"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref42","first-page":"59","article-title":"Reasons to use virtual reality in education and training courses and a model to determine when to use virtual reality","volume":"2","author":"Pantelidis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Themes in Science and Technology Education"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230977.3230990"},{"key":"ref44","author":"Pintrich","year":"1991","journal-title":"A manual for the use of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (mslq)"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3385956.3418947"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/C670-Y3C8-LTJ1-CT3P"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/C670-Y3C8-LTJ1-CT3P"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1592761.1592779"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Carrodeguas. Virtual technologies to develop visual-spatial ability in engineering students","author":"Roca-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2017","journal-title":"EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10165438"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.10.317"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref53","first-page":"72","volume":"59","author":"Shekhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spatial computing. Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"1&2","key":"ref54","first-page":"147\u2013156","article-title":"Robust estimation of the correlation coefficient: An attempt of survey","volume":"40","author":"Shevlyakov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Austrian Journal of Statistics"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Tinkering with pocket code, a scratch-like programming app for your smartphone","volume-title":"Proceedings of Constructionism","author":"Slany","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-018-0355-2"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0804_5","volume":"8","author":"Sweller","year":"1991","journal-title":"Evidence for cognitive load theory. Cognition and instruction"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028446"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VISUAL.2005.1532836"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT.2018.8494181"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1095034.1095041"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.6.4.307"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2014.960568"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BLOCKS.2017.8120406"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref67","first-page":"3","article-title":"Comparing block-based and text-based programming in high school computer science classrooms","volume":"18","author":"Weintrop","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE)"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWC.2004.18"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/2945\/10977053\/10918893.pdf?arnumber=10918893","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T05:07:45Z","timestamp":1745644065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10918893\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tvcg.2025.3549567","relation":{},"ISSN":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1077-2626","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-0506","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2160-9306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}}}