{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:30:15Z","timestamp":1773246615988,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2019YFF0303300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFF0303300"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["Subject II 2019YFF0303302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Subject II 2019YFF0303302"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61922015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61922015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61773071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61773071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19B2036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19B2036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation Project","award":["Z200002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z200002"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","award":["BAAI2020ZJ0204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAAI2020ZJ0204"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Nova Programme Interdisciplinary Cooperation Project","award":["Z191100001119140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z191100001119140"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSC 201906470049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSC 201906470049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"BUPT Excellent Ph.D. Students Foundation","award":["CX2019109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX2019109"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2021.3065250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T21:25:43Z","timestamp":1615411543000},"page":"3027-3042","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Deep Learning-Based Computer Vision for Surveillance in ITS: Evaluation of State-of-the-Art Methods"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3659-9476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyang","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yixiao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8372-5637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruoyi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Weiyu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2950-2488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7929-4336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongpu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9045-1339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","article-title":"See better before looking closer: Weakly supervised data augmentation network for fine-grained visual classification","author":"hu","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.476"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"YOLOV3: An incremental improvement","author":"redmon","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00644"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.106"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"2017","article-title":"Spatial transformer networks","author":"jaderberg","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"834","article-title":"Part-based R-CNNs for fine-grained category detection","author":"zhang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"YOLOv4: Optimal speed and accuracy of object detection","author":"bochkovskiy","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00682"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2016.7535375"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2577031"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"21","article-title":"SSD: Single shot multibox detector","author":"liu","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2006.877062"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2013.535"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"3122","article-title":"Unsupervised template learning for fine-grained object recognition","author":"yang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2011.2182649","article-title":"Integrating appearance and edge features for sedan vehicle detection in the blind-spot area","volume":"13","author":"lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03040-6_85"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2017.8019461"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.169"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.322"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2015.2389824"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Your &#x201C;flamingo&#x201D; is my &#x201C;bird&#x201D;: Fine-grained, or not","author":"chang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Comput Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.394"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.549"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.690"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"379","article-title":"R-FCN: Object detection via region-based fully convolutional networks","author":"dai","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Overfeat: Integrated recognition, localization and detection using convolutional networks","author":"sermanet","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Learn Representations"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"2","article-title":"R-CNN: Region-based convolutional neural networks","author":"girshick","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Comput Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2020.103932"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACPR.2017.58"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.403"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00530"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Cisco annual Internet report (2018-2023) white paper","author":"cisco","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2016.7795711"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13588265.2016.1215584"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19818-7_18"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2929020"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME46284.2020.9102839"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"LIDAR-based vehicle distance measurement system","author":"cherepinsky","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2011.2119372"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.743"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.170"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00436"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.325"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3055617","article-title":"Weakly supervised attention pyramid convolutional neural network for fine-grained visual classification","volume":"30","author":"ding","year":"0","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00670"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Three-branch and mutil-scale learning for fine-grained image recognition (TBMSL-Net)","author":"zhang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58565-5_10"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVIP49855.2020.9116905"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2978539"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME46284.2020.9102771"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50347-5_4"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2899972"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2895651"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2018.8639427"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00195"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2639020"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2020.102907"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.324"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00972"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"734","article-title":"CornerNet: Detecting objects as paired keypoints","author":"law","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00093"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2017.8078516"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2018.8639144"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2018.8639321"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2929520"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2892413"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2012.10.005"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2019.8909903"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BMEI.2015.7401577"},{"key":"ref95","article-title":"MMDetection: Open MMLab detection toolbox and benchmark","author":"chen","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"8026","article-title":"PyTorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library","author":"paszke","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00935"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2017.8296962"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.2973812"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.63"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.11.023"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.81"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.77"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299023"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2014.2340701"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2382174"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2947490"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2943405"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2838584"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2894437"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11550518_27"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-020-01365-4"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/ASP.2005.2305"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.3013269"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"62","article-title":"Stereo-based object detection, classification, and quantitative evaluation with automotive applications","author":"chang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Comput Vis Pattern Recog Workshop"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.2974830"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2008.915647"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"2568","article-title":"Attention guided region division for crowd counting","author":"pan","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Acoust Speech Signal Process"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCVR.2014.062930"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"574","article-title":"Hierarchical bilinear pooling for fine-grained visual recognition","author":"yu","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00465"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00624"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.557"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.41"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/25\/9424488\/09374718.pdf?arnumber=9374718","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T14:48:33Z","timestamp":1652194113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9374718\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tvt.2021.3065250","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9545","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-9359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}}}