{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:04:30Z","timestamp":1780319070413,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2025.3571784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T13:56:50Z","timestamp":1747663010000},"page":"15575-15588","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Centralized Multi-Agent SOC Control for Battery Health Using Proximal Policy Optimization in EVs"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4137-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin","family":"Lotfy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Robotic and Energy Systems Research Group (IRES), Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4190-1828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Alzayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Robotic and Energy Systems Research Group (IRES), Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8728-3653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hicham","family":"Chaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Robotic and Energy Systems Research Group (IRES), Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7821-1463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Boulon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrogen Research Institute, University of Quebec at TroisRivi&#x00E8;res, Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429504884"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2950818"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/252\/1\/012058"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries8110234"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40789-022-00494-0"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj12030120"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3427683"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etran.2019.100005"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.08.097"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2012.10.060"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/ijpeds.v11.i2.pp571-579"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2940090"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/er.4876"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2020.102109"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VPPC.2011.6043108"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/c2020-0-03232-9"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03772063.2021.1886604"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1836119"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IESES45645.2020.9210643"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design and implementation of an optimal battery management system for hybrid electric vehicles","volume-title":"Proc. 19th Int. Conf. Automat. Comput.","author":"Bowkett","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2017.11.039"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE.2018.8342048"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEVT.2017.8323541"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.07.137"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VPPC.2008.4677669"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2024.3496439"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.110853"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.122470"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09399"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.11.180"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-021-05961-4"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2023.3274853"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GreenTech56823.2023.10173832"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2022.3186931"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126044"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2023.3250505"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136800"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.09.087"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3107734"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.113052"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Proximal policy optimization algorithms","author":"Schulman","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCTA48906.2021.9659202"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.115873"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"554","article-title":"Dynamic multi agent-based management and load frequency control of pv\/fuel cell\/ wind turbine\/ chp in autonomous microgrid system","volume-title":"Energy","volume":"173","author":"Yu","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Energy management of multi-mode plug-in hybrid electric vehicle using multi-agent deep reinforcement learning","volume-title":"Appl. Energy","volume":"348","author":"Hua","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Cooperative energy management and eco-driving of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle via multi-agent reinforcement learning","volume-title":"Appl. Energy","volume":"332","author":"Wang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13081982"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlct\/ctae152"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2024.3369107"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2022.3142406"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13050990"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VPPC49601.2020.9330915"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/epjap:2000124"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2008.11.021"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/icp.2022.1097"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-022-04105-y"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Cooperative and competitive biases for multi-agent reinforcement learning","volume-title":"Proc. 20th Int. Conf. Autonom. Agents Multiagent Syst.","author":"Ryu","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Is centralized training with decentralized execution framework centralized enough for marl?","author":"Zhou","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Contrasting centralized and decentralized critics in multi-agent reinforcement learning","author":"Lyu","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/25\/11205940\/11007270.pdf?arnumber=11007270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T17:40:50Z","timestamp":1760722850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11007270\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tvt.2025.3571784","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9545","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-9359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}}}