{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T18:12:51Z","timestamp":1775239971368,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"IEEE","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/wsc.2015.7408560","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,7]],"date-time":"2016-05-07T09:42:38Z","timestamp":1462614158000},"page":"4069-4080","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Limits of empirical validation: A review of arguments with respect to social simulation"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Marko A.","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0959354311429854"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0309-1708(92)90033-X"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020124"},{"key":"ref32","author":"hopcroft","year":"1979","journal-title":"Introduction to Automata Theory Languages and Computation"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1548512912472941"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154851290500200405"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8686-3_2"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.44.8.1087"},{"key":"ref35","author":"klee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Introduction to the Philosophy of Sciende Cutting Nature at Its Seams"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10538-000"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.20234"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2005.11.031"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"265","author":"troitzsch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Networked Simulation and Simulated Networks Chapter Validating simulation models"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011945"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830120306"},{"key":"ref64","author":"glasersfeld","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Construction of Knowledge Contributions to Conceptual Semantics"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"The myth of science-based predictive modeling","author":"hemez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Foundations 2004 Workshop for Verification Validation and Accreditation in the 21 st Century"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.17.5.247"},{"key":"ref66","author":"von clausewitz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vom Kriege (On War)"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Validation: real world system knowledge, types of validity and credibility levels","author":"hofmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 16 European simulation Mulitconference"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1989.19"},{"key":"ref68","author":"wittgenstein","year":"1953","journal-title":"Philosophical Investigations"},{"key":"ref69","author":"zeigler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Theory of Modeling and Simulation"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Cafe Nero: the evaluation of social simulation","volume":"8","author":"ahrweiler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1979.41"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0198244274.001.0001"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"3","article-title":"Methodological implications of complex systems approaches to sociality: simulation as a foundation for knowledge","volume":"5","author":"goldspink","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Artificial Societies and Social Simulation"},{"key":"ref21","author":"friedman","year":"1953","journal-title":"Essays in Positive Economics"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.52.1.15"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076157"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.6.1.25"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-1863-0"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1432.003.0068","article-title":"Simulation models as opaque thought experiments","author":"paolo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Articial Life VII Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Articial Life"},{"key":"ref51","author":"pedgren","year":"1995","journal-title":"Introduction to Simulation Using SIMAN"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/135952201753172953"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"37","article-title":"Eight common but false objections to the discontinuation of significance testing in the analysis of research datat","author":"schmidt","year":"1997","journal-title":"What If There Were No Significance Tests?"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.1971.9989794"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Keynote Address: Simulation should be easy and fun!","author":"salt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 1993 Winter Simulation Conference"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878108319640"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"On the limits of bottom-Upp computer simulation: towards a nonlinear modeling culture","author":"richardson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Science"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2003.08.006"},{"key":"ref52","author":"quine","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ontological relativity"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sdr.4260060203"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"449","article-title":"On simulation model complexity","author":"barretto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2000 Winter Simulation Conference"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(93)90310-J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1938.10502329"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2002.0986"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0074554"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/392907"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5153\/sro.103"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Validating computational models","author":"carley","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0910-9"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.49.12.997"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"101","article-title":"Simulation models of the evolution of cooperation as proofs of logical possibilities. How useful are they?","volume":"2","author":"arnold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ethics and Politics"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijforecast.2007.01.010"},{"key":"ref6","author":"axelrod","year":"1984","journal-title":"The Evolution of Cooperation"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5840\/monist201497323"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0020412"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2013.6721512"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"163","article-title":"Modeling and simulation verifcation and validation challenges","volume":"25","author":"pace","year":"2004","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3765-9"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1999.6361829x"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.14.2.B92"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1126\/science.263.5147.641","article-title":"Verification, validation, and confirmation of numerical models in the earth sciences","volume":"263","author":"oreskes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2013.6721540"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-7058\/13\/8\/18"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6435.00123"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6435.1981.tb01195.x"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"65","article-title":"There is a time and a place for significance testsng","author":"mulaik","year":"1997","journal-title":"What If There Were No Significance Tests?"}],"event":{"name":"2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)","location":"Huntington Beach, CA, USA","start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,6]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]]}},"container-title":["2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/7399125\/7408148\/07408560.pdf?arnumber=7408560","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]],"date-time":"2024-06-16T08:01:45Z","timestamp":1718524905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7408560\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":69,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/wsc.2015.7408560","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}}}