{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T02:41:11Z","timestamp":1786761671719,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,1]],"date-time":"2000-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":957139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,5]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/3468.844354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,24]],"date-time":"2002-08-24T19:45:59Z","timestamp":1030218359000},"page":"286-297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3094,"title":["A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Parasuraman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.B.","family":"Sheridan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.D.","family":"Wickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","article-title":"rtca","year":"1995","journal-title":"Report of the RTCA Board of Director s Select Committee on Free Flight"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"42","article-title":"aviation week and space technology","year":"1998","journal-title":"Answers to the Gridlock"},{"key":"ref71","author":"merlo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Effects of reliability on cue effectiveness and display signalling"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401397188224"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106480469800600305"},{"key":"ref77","author":"pew","year":"1998","journal-title":"Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior Application to Military Simulations"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"84","article-title":"the effect of adaptive air traffic control (atc) decision aiding on controller mental workload","author":"hilburn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Human-Automation Interaction Research and Practice"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"63","article-title":"free flight with airborne separation assurance","author":"van gent","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Human Computer Interaction in Aeronautics"},{"key":"ref75","author":"fitts","year":"1951","journal-title":"Human Engineering for an Effective Air Navigation and Traffic Control System"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(95)05161-9"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120004401301"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872098779480406"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"627","article-title":"an adaptive human-machine system","author":"hancock","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc 15th Annual IEEE Conf Syst Man Cybern"},{"key":"ref32","author":"han","year":"0"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"324","article-title":"cockpit data link technology and flight crew communications procedures","author":"logdson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc 8th Int Symp Aviation Psychology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129904300313","article-title":"supporting informed consent in human-machine collaboration: the role of conflict type, time pressure, display design, and trust","author":"olson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 43rd Annual Meeting"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"154","article-title":"situation-adaptive autonomy: trading control of authority in human-machine systems","author":"inagaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Automation Technology and Human Performance Current Research and Trends"},{"key":"ref36","author":"barnes","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Intelligent Assistant Concept for Electronic Warfare Systems"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088803000405","article-title":"adaptive aiding for human\/computer control","volume":"30","author":"rouse","year":"1988","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"ref34","author":"parasuraman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Theory and Design of Adaptive Automation in Aviation Systems"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129904300105"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129003401922"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779656752"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089403600106","article-title":"design of a cooperative problem-solving system for en-route flight planning: an empirical evaluation","volume":"36","author":"layton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9244-7_30"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0951-8320(90)90013-D"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1999.7.1.45"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/78973.78974"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"76","article-title":"automatic gcas: you can't fly any lower","author":"scott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aviation Week and Space Technology"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967392"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129904300312","article-title":"trust as a construct for evaluation of automated aids: past and present theory and research","author":"masalonis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 43rd Annual Meeting"},{"key":"ref68","author":"swets","year":"1982","journal-title":"Evaluation of Diagnostic Systems Methods from Signal Detection Theory"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(83)90046-8"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/3.21637"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138008924809"},{"key":"ref20","author":"hart","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cockpit Display of Traffic Information Airline Pilots Opinions about Content Symbology and Format"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1944","article-title":"human factors in process control","author":"moray","year":"1997","journal-title":"Handbook of Human Actors and Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129804200113"},{"key":"ref24","author":"mundra","year":"1989","journal-title":"A New Automation Aid to Air Traffic Controllers for Improving Airport Capacity"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089203400502","article-title":"graphical displays: implications for divided attention, focused attention, and problem solving","volume":"34","author":"bennett","year":"1992","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"ref26","author":"shortliffe","year":"1976","journal-title":"Computer-Based Medical Consultation Mycin"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088803000403","article-title":"the role of human factors in expert systems design and acceptance","volume":"30","author":"madni","year":"1988","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"ref50","author":"wiener","year":"0"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089303500203","article-title":"modeling strategic behavior in human-automation interaction: why \"aid\" can (and should) go unused","volume":"35","author":"kirlik","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.26.2.395"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0301_1"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"complacency: is the term useful for air safety?","author":"wiener","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc 26th Corporate Aviation Safety Seminar"},{"key":"ref56","author":"sarter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Strong silent and out-of-the-loop Properties of advanced (cockpit) automation and their impact on human-automation interaction"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779064555"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185595"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"165","article-title":"level of automation effects on telerobot performance and human operator situation awareness and subjective workload","author":"kaber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Automation Technology and Human Performance Current Research and Trends"},{"key":"ref52","author":"landauer","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Trouble With Computers"},{"key":"ref10","author":"wickens","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Future of Air Traffic Control Human Operators and Automation"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"129","article-title":"adaptive automation of a dynamic control task based on workload assessment through a secondary monitoring task","author":"kaber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Automation Technology and Human Performance Current Research and Trends"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA057655","author":"sheridan","year":"1978","journal-title":"Human and Computer Control of Undersea Teleoperators"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128903300227","article-title":"a general model of mixed-initiative human-machine systems","author":"riley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc 33rd Annual Human Factors Society Conf"},{"key":"ref13","author":"baddeley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Working Memory"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10037-000"},{"key":"ref15","author":"wickens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Engineering Psychology and Human Performance"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300409125"},{"key":"ref16","author":"gibson","year":"1979","journal-title":"The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0902_3"},{"key":"ref17","author":"wickens","year":"1998","journal-title":"An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"rumination on automation","author":"sheridan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc JFAC-MMS Conf"},{"key":"ref83","author":"norman","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Invisible Computer"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"365","author":"lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Maritime automation in &#x201C Automation and Human Performance Theory and Applications&#x201D"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"empirical and analytic studies of human\/automation dynamics in airspace management for free flight","author":"corker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc 10th Int CEAS Conf Free Flight"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088702900609","article-title":"human-computer monitoring","volume":"29","author":"parasuraman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/4547.4551"},{"key":"ref6","author":"parasuraman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Automation and Human performance theory and applications"},{"key":"ref5","author":"sheridan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Telerobotics Automation and Supervisory Control"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543886"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1","article-title":"decomposing automation: apparent simplicity, real complexity","author":"woods","year":"1996","journal-title":"Automation and Human performance theory and applications"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/21.156574"},{"key":"ref9","author":"billings","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aviation Automation The Search for a Human-Centered Approach"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"1926","article-title":"automation surprises","author":"sarter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics 2nd ed"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"67","article-title":"designing for human-agent interaction","volume":"summer","author":"lewis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Artif Intell Mag"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-02933-6_7"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"designing for situation awareness and trust in automation","author":"wickens","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc IFAC Conf Integrated Systems Engineering"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872096778827279"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.6.1.44"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"37","article-title":"theoretical perspectives on adaptive automation","author":"scerbo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Automation and Human performance theory and applications"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(95)00054-2"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx5\/3468\/18307\/00844354.pdf?arnumber=844354","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T20:06:58Z","timestamp":1638216418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/844354\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,5]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/3468.844354","relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-4427"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-4427","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,5]]}}}