{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T17:54:00Z","timestamp":1775066040903,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds"},{"name":"FCT &#x2013; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04131\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04131\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT &#x2013; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/04131\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04131\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT &#x2013; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2022.14477.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.14477.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE\u00a0Open J. Ind. Electron. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/ojies.2023.3320900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T18:14:44Z","timestamp":1696270484000},"page":"432-450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A Review on Hybrid Circuit Breakers for DC Applications"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0311-9176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rafaela Figueiredo","family":"Bento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CISE - Electromechatronic Systems Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Cal&#x00E7;ada Fonte do Lameiro, Covilh&#x00E3;, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7139-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Bento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISE - Electromechatronic Systems Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Cal&#x00E7;ada Fonte do Lameiro, Covilh&#x00E3;, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8737-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio J. Marques","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISE - Electromechatronic Systems Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Cal&#x00E7;ada Fonte do Lameiro, Covilh&#x00E3;, Portugal"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2019.2959076"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development and test of a 120 kV direct current circuit breaker","author":"grieshaber","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc CIGRE Paris Session"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"VARC&#x2013;experimental verification&#x2013;SCiBreak","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2018.8352439"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6100\/IR533277"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:19980759"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2006.870981"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2021.3064851"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/61.891500"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IAS.1998.730138"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/61.311172"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC42165.2021.9487100"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PEAC.2018.8590298"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAS.1982.317427"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-50339-9"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3118011"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2019.8721968"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2015.7104661"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2014.2384204"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"A fast DC hybrid circuit breaker","author":"bolanowski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc IEE Colloq Electron -Aided Current-Limiting Circuit Breaker Developments Appl"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAS.1972.293311"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1","article-title":"DC power circuit breaker basics","author":"shullaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc IEEE HVCB Subcommittee Meeting"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PESC.1974.7074363"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2803778"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.11.257"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEMS.2019.8922551"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAPS.2017.8107266"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2021.107434"},{"key":"ref101","article-title":"The arc extinguishing principle of vacuum circuit breaker | quisure circuit breaker","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2019.2904588"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC\/ICPSEurope57605.2023.10194794"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AEITHVDC58550.2023.10179034"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEMS.2019.8922551"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiPDA49284.2021.9645101"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCM50975.2021.9504654"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3023544"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCM50975.2021.9504668"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2019.2935980"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EPE.2016.7695406"},{"key":"ref146","article-title":"Dc switch yard and method to operate such a dc switch yard","author":"mackay","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCM45535.2019.9232682"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2017.2754649"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2014.0859"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2021.3123538"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2020.106004"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2020.2983354"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2018.2815550"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3109909"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2020.2965459"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2018.2885547"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2021.3071706"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Fast current limiting circuit breakers for railway feeding applications","author":"thangal","year":"0"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2015.0018"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2022.3171496"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITEC48692.2020.9161624"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2764863"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2018.8557825"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2016.7793325"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2022.3203765"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en10040495"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2881941"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PVSC.2015.7356397"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2016.7793492"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40565-018-0381-9"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2020.2979934"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/hve2.12166"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2011.2124436"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON49645.2022.9968909"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PEAC.2014.7038038"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2019.8926684"},{"key":"ref160","article-title":"Medium voltage direct current (MVDC) grid feasibility study | ELECTRA","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HOLM.2018.8611714"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2014.004536"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DEIV.2018.8537129"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Proactive hybrid HVDC breakers - A key innovation for reliable HVDC grids","author":"h\u00e4fner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Electric Power Syst Future Integrating Supergrids Microgrids Int Symp"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en14051349"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2014.2331696"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2015.2477373"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICELMACH.2014.6960228"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2015.2409132"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2014.2362996"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2016.06.006"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2018.2813139"},{"key":"ref99","article-title":"Hybrid HVDC breaker - a breakthrough towards HVDC grid realization","author":"hassanpoor","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2017.7930900"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2016.2535397"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2016.7793857"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3121180"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMPD.1998.702771"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-epa:20060295"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCPMT.2016.2613579"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCM.2015.7152036"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PESGM40551.2019.8973674"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2015.0021"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2018.2884021"},{"key":"ref134","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hybrid HVDC breaker &#x2013; A solution for future HVDC system","author":"derakhshanfar","year":"2014","journal-title":"CIGRE Session"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEPE-ST.2015.7368444"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/IPEC-Himeji2022-ECCE53331.2022.9806901"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3130736"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2023.3241050"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2014.2363058"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/PBPO018E"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC42165.2021.9487100"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2020.2983354"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2017.0011"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2018.2828705"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2016.09.008"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2018.8557825"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3115456"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PEAC.2018.8590298"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EPE.2013.6631861"},{"key":"ref87","article-title":"The commutation booster, a new concept to aid commutation in hybrid DC-breakers","author":"magnusson","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2886787"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-pel.2015.0518"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCPMT.2016.2613579"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Hybrid HVDC breaker - technology and applications in point-to-point connections and DC grids","author":"derakhshanfar","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2019.2912832"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2881941"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2719608"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2022.3203765"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2016.2582923"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EPE.2016.7695617"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APPEEC.2016.7779832"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Device and method to break the current of a power transmission or distribution line and current limiting arrangement","author":"h\u00e4fner","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2012.0617"},{"key":"ref108","author":"garzon","year":"2002","journal-title":"High Voltage Circuit Breakers Design and Applications"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3118011"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14123297"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEPE-ST.2019.8928793"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42341-020-00180-5"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2017.2690960"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2019.2904588"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/pel2.12327"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2022.3174723"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2016.2535397"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DEIV.2018.8537110"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2017.2703815"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review on AC and DC protection equipment and technologies: Towards multivendor solution","author":"wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc CIGRE Winnipeg"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APPEEC.2016.7779770"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAS.1973.293779"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INTLEC.2016.7749139"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2021.3085998"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9040723"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2023.3288003"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2019.8721968"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3135138"},{"key":"ref110","article-title":"Electrical contacts are made from a variety of materials","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2022.3140416"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiPDA.2017.8170563"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Scibreak technology is now online in the Swedish railway grid","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12010015"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2017.2690960"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2014.2384204"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCPMT.2017.2765685"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.3010965"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/IPEC.2018.8507575"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.3010965"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"Low-cost ultrafast modular HVDC circuit breaker","author":"nee","year":"2021","journal-title":"CIGRE Symp Lbjubljana"},{"key":"ref113","first-page":"14","article-title":"Self-contained thermo-syphon heat exchanger for power converters","volume":"4","author":"agostini","year":"2017","journal-title":"ABB Rev"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2018.2793226"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2019.2928279"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EPE.2015.7309153"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2023.3294581"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJPEL.2021.3068531"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Development of 500kV modular cascaded hybrid HVDC breaker for DC grid applications","author":"tang","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2016.2574751"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2016.2609391"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IAS.2005.1518439"}],"container-title":["IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/8782706\/10007667\/10269015.pdf?arnumber=10269015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T18:55:08Z","timestamp":1706554508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10269015\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":168,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ojies.2023.3320900","relation":{},"ISSN":["2644-1284"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2644-1284","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}