{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T17:54:52Z","timestamp":1770141292997,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundao para a Cincia e a Tecnologia FCT","award":["GameCourse, Portugal-PTDC\/CCI-CIF\/30754\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GameCourse, Portugal-PTDC\/CCI-CIF\/30754\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Fundao para a Cincia e a Tecnologia FCT","award":["UIDB\/50021\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50021\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Learning Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tlt.2022.3170494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T19:41:14Z","timestamp":1651088474000},"page":"311-325","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Early Prediction of Students\u2019 Final Grades in a Gamified Course"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2613-216X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir Hossein","family":"Nabizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5121-6296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Goncalves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID and Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9679-7004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID and Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5441-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID and Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611975321.54"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Grade prediction with temporal course-wise influence","author":"ren","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"158","article-title":"Grade prediction based on cumulative knowledge and co-taken courses","author":"ren","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 12th Int Conf Educ Data Mining"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/10489-5242"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1355"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171207"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2010.127"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2021.62"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"41","article-title":"An empirical study of the naive Bayes classifier","volume":"3","author":"rish","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IJCAI Workshop Empirical Methods Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i11"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2991\/assehr.k.220129.018"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2197\/ipsjjip.23.192"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"245","article-title":"Unified clustering locality preserving matrix factorization for student performance prediction","volume":"42","author":"hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IAENG Int J Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.08.015"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/SpecialIssue.2014.040203"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chin.200419274"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Boruta - modern dimension reduction algorithm","author":"kordeczka","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40165-014-0010-2"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20051363"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Machine learning based student grade prediction: A case study","author":"iqbal","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using HMMs and bagged decision trees to leverage rich features of user and skill from an intelligent tutoring system dataset","author":"pardos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res W & CP"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.1883"},{"key":"ref61"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41060-016-0024-z"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2010.08.005"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"356","article-title":"Feature extraction for classifying students based on their academic performance","author":"polyzou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 11th Int Conf Educ Data Mining"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2723576.2723590"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"579","article-title":"Multilayer perceptron and neural networks","volume":"8","author":"popescu","year":"2009","journal-title":"WSEAS Trans Circuits Syst"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9326-7_11"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asp047"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"A long term goal recommender approach for learning environments","author":"rafsanjani","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"47","article-title":"Recommendation systems: A review","volume":"3","author":"rafsanjani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Comput Eng Res"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-021-00215-7"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Predictive accuracy: A misleading performance measure for highly imbalanced data","author":"akosa","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc SAS Glob Forum"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-95630-1_5"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"1","article-title":"k-nearest neighbour classifiers","volume":"34","author":"cunningham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Multiple Classifier Syst"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5121\/ijdkp.2017.7401"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9326-7_5"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Omega: On-line memory-based general purpose system classifier","author":"deng","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ph D dissertation Sch Comput Sci Carnegie Mellon Univ"},{"key":"ref23","author":"demuth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Network Design"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2959100.2959133"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2959100.2959133"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113596"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103777"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"3","article-title":"Data mining approach for predicting student performance","volume":"10","author":"osmanbegovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Economic Review-Journal of Economics & Business"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICGI54032.2021.9655275"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7275\/5FEX-B874"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2013.00021"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3099023.3099035"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2948992.2949010"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12351"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0005493505520557"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"203","article-title":"Support vector regression","volume":"11","author":"basak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neural Inf Proc - Lett Rev"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-241-4_13"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"396","article-title":"Predicting student grade based on free-style comments using Word2Vec and ANN by considering prediction results obtained in consecutive lessons","author":"luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Educational Data Mining Society"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7308-0_15"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"UBL: An R package for utility-based learning","author":"branco","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2015.7218617"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2015.7363847"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Part-time undergraduates in higher education: A literature review","author":"callender","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32782\/cmis\/2353-76"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2015.2424995"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4513610"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Next-term student performance prediction: A recommender systems approach","author":"sweeney","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"5","article-title":"Using data mining to predict secondary school student performance","author":"cortez","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 5th Annu Future Bus Technol Conf"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Naive Bayes classifiers for user modeling","author":"stern","year":"1999","journal-title":"Center Knowl Commun Comput Sci Dept Univ Massachusetts"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2330601.2330666"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icitech.2017.8079967"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2016.2541664"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Singular value decomposition tutorial","volume":"24","author":"baker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ohio State University"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"360","article-title":"Understanding interobserver agreement: The kappa statistic","volume":"37","author":"viera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Family Medicine"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2658537.2658692"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2017.2692560"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.08.049"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3083238"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551516677946"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2017.2700227"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Educational data mining 2009","author":"barnes","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 2nd Int Conf Educ Data Mining"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2002.1183917"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2981562.2981720"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611974973.62"},{"key":"ref47","volume":"821","author":"montgomery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CNT.2014.7062736"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.09.005"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2496278"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2330601.2330627"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/4620076\/9852823\/09764616.pdf?arnumber=9764616","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T21:09:13Z","timestamp":1661807353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9764616\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tlt.2022.3170494","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1382","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-0050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]}}}