{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T04:08:21Z","timestamp":1782878901067,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,17]],"date-time":"2002-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1040083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":350,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Administration Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of information and communication technology (ICT) is rapidly changing the structure of a number of large, executive public agencies. They used to be machine bureaucracies in which street\u2010level officials exercised ample administrative discretion in dealing with individual clients. In some realms, the street\u2010level bureaucrats have vanished. Instead of street\u2010level bureaucracies, they have become system\u2010level bureaucracies. System analysts and software designers are the key actors in these executive agencies. This article explores the implications of this transformation from the perspective of the constitutional state. Thanks to ICT, the implementation of the law has virtually been perfected. However, some new issues rise: What about the discretionary power of the system\u2010level bureaucrats? How can we guarantee due process and fairness in difficult cases? The article ends with several institutional innovations that may help to embed these system\u2010level bureaucracies in the constitutional state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/0033-3352.00168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T19:01:00Z","timestamp":1047495660000},"page":"174-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":651,"title":["From Street\u2010Level to System\u2010Level Bureaucracies: How Information and Communication Technology is Transforming Administrative Discretion and Constitutional Control"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Bovens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavros","family":"Zouridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,17]]},"container-title":["Public Administration Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F0033-3352.00168","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/0033-3352.00168","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/0033-3352.00168","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T09:05:49Z","timestamp":1694336749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/0033-3352.00168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/0033-3352.00168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/0033-3352.00168","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3352","1540-6210"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3352","type":"print"},{"value":"1540-6210","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}}}