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The physiological\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    of the stratum corneum is 4.1\u20135.8 and several mechanisms contribute to its formation: filaggrin degradation, fatty acid content, sodium\u2010hydrogen exchanger (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NHE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    1) activation and melanosome release. First, the acidic\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    of the stratum corneum was considered to present an antimicrobial barrier preventing colonization (e.g. by\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Later on, it was found that the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    influences skin barrier function, lipid synthesis and aggregation, epidermal differentiation and desquamation. Enzymes of ceramide metabolism (e.g. \u03b2\u2010glucocerebrosidase or acid sphingomyelinase) as well as proteases (e.g. chymotryptic enzyme or cathepsin D linked to epidermal differentiation and desquamation) are regulated by the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Experimental disruption of the physical barrier leads to an increase of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , returning to normal levels only after many hours. Inflammatory skin diseases and diseases with an involvement of the epidermis exhibit a disturbed skin barrier and an increased\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . This is known for atopic dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, ichthyosis, rosacea and acne, but also for aged and dry skin. Normalizing the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    by acidification through topical treatment helps to establish a physiological microbiota, to repair skin barrier, to induce epidermal differentiation and to reduce inflammation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,4]],"date-time":"2018-06-04T11:38:15Z","timestamp":1528112295000},"page":"1044-1052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":580,"title":["<scp>pH<\/scp>\n                    in nature, humans and skin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5816-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehrhardt","family":"Proksch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of Kiel Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20139"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007121329"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11130"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2003.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.17.s1.3.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1977.04450010170031"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2010.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1576\/toag.11.4.253.27528"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","volume-title":"Textbook of Aging Skin","author":"Farage MA","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000094670"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2007.00403_1.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2006.00344.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01138.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000330721"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1531"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10659.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","unstructured":"JosephN BourliereF MolimardR.Titration curves of human epidermis in relation to age. 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