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However, the trigger for the extrinsic coagulation cascade in patients with CSU remains unclear. We previously reported that histamine and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synergistically induced the expression of tissue factor (TF), a trigger for the extrinsic coagulation cascade, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Because the elevation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)\u2010\u03b1, interleukin (IL)\u201033, IL\u20101\u03b2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in serum has also been observed in patients with CSU, we examined the effects of LPS, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u201033, IL\u20101\u03b2, VEGF and histamine on TF expression in HUVEC by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry, as well as examining the activity that triggers the extrinsic coagulation cascade and induces intercellular gap formation of HUVEC in the presence of plasma by Actochrome<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> TF activity assay and impedance sensor, respectively. The expression of TF mRNA and surface protein of TF on HUVEC in response to histamine or VEGF were synergistically enhanced by the treatment with LPS, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u201033 or IL\u20101\u03b2. Moreover, the activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway and intercellular gap formation of HUVEC in response to histamine or VEGF were also synergistically increased in the presence of TNF\u2010\u03b1 and LPS. Thus, TF expression on vascular endothelial cells was strongly enhanced by co\u2010stimulation with CSU\u2010related molecules in blood. Blocking a common pathway of LPS, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u201033 and IL\u20101\u03b2, and\/or that of VEGF and histamine may be an effective therapeutic measure for patients with severe and refractory CSU.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T12:20:17Z","timestamp":1596543617000},"page":"1293-1300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Histamine\u2010 or vascular endothelial growth factor\u2010induced tissue factor expression and gap formation between vascular endothelial cells are synergistically enhanced by lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, interleukin (IL)\u201033 or IL\u20101\u03b2"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Akiko","family":"Kamegashira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Department of Dermatology Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences 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