{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:23:59Z","timestamp":1780471439777,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In December 2019, a new infectious pathogen named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) was identified in Wuhan, China. Transmitted through respiratory droplets, SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 is the causative pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019). Although this new COVID\u201019 infection is known to cause primarily interstitial pneumonia and respiratory failure, it is often associated with cutaneous manifestations as well. These manifestations with COVID\u201019 can be classified into seven categories: (i) chilblain\u2010like skin eruption (e.g., COVID toes), (ii) urticaria\u2010like skin eruption, (iii) maculopapular lesions, (iv) vesicular eruptions, (v) purpura, (vi) livedo reticularis and necrotic lesions, (vii) urticarial vasculitis, and others such as alopecia and herpes zoster. The pathogenesis of skin eruptions can be broadly divided into vasculitic and inflammatory skin eruptions. Various cutaneous adverse reactions have also been observed after COVID\u201019 mRNA vaccination. The major cutaneous adverse reactions are type I hypersensitivity (urticaria and anaphylaxis) and type IV hypersensitivity (COVID arm and erythema multiform). Autoimmune\u2010mediated reactions including bullous pemphigus, vasculitis, vitiligo, and alopecia areata have also been reported. Several cases with chilblain\u2010like lesions and herpes zoster after COVID\u201019 mRNA vaccination have been published. Various skin diseases associated with COVID\u201019 and COVID\u201019 vaccination have been reported, and the mechanism has been partly elucidated. In the process, for example, some papers have reported that it is not related to COVID\u201019 infection, although it was initially called COVID\u2010toe and considered a COVID\u201019\u2010associated cutaneous eruption. In fact, some COVID\u201019\u2010associated skin reactions are indistinguishable from drug eruptions. In the future, the mechanisms of COVID\u201019\u2010 or COVID\u201019 vaccine\u2010associated skin reactions need to be elucidated and verification of causal relationships is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T08:56:25Z","timestamp":1673600185000},"page":"280-289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Cutaneous manifestations of <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 and <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9653-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chisa","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Kindai University Hospital  Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maiko","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Kindai University Hospital  Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Kindai University Hospital  Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.03.092"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16778"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2021.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"640","article-title":"Risikofaktor Komorbidit\u00e4ten bei COVID\u201019\u2010 Erkrankung","volume":"74","author":"Klein F","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pneumologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16387"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00558-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.573188"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16071"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16433"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103261"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2122090119"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13382"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2021.4085"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"e244","article-title":"Urticarial vasculitis in COVID\u201019 infection: a vasculopathy\u2010related symptom?","volume":"34","author":"Perosanz\u2010Lobo D","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17391"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa507"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.05.087"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2021.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.4324"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.06.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20639"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17744"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2021.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.2392"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2021.108748"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5070\/D3271052044"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","unstructured":"Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID\u201019 resource Centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID\u2010 19. 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