{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T07:16:06Z","timestamp":1774682166978,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Atopic dermatitis (AD) involves chronic eczema resulting from barrier dysfunction. Fine bubble (FB) technology generates microbubbles (&lt;\u2009100\u2009\u03bcm) and ultrafine bubbles (&lt;\u20091\u2009\u03bcm) for surfactant\u2010sparing cleansing. We assessed the short\u2010term safety of an FB shower in AD. In this double\u2010blind, randomized, crossover study, adults with mild AD completed two 2\u2010week periods separated by a 2\u2010week washout in sequence. Bathing instructions and petrolatum moisturizer use were standardized and enforced. The Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) was scored using whole\u2010body photographs by a blinded team. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum hydration were measured on Days 0, 14, and 28. Because baselines were unavailable for the second 2\u2010week period, the primary analysis compared Day 0\u201314 changes between groups using baseline\u2010adjusted analysis of covariance; Day 0\u201328 changes were also explored. The primary outcomes were EASI changes; TEWL and hydration were the secondary outcomes. Groups used a conventional shower (control) first and then FB shower second or vice versa (once each). Twenty\u2010three participants were analyzed (mean age 40.9\u2009\u00b1\u20098\u2009years; 83% male). Day 0\u201314 EASI changes did not differ between FB and control (0.62\u2009\u00b1\u20092.21 vs. 0.05\u2009\u00b1\u20090.68; F\u2009=\u20090.93,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.35). EASI changes to Day 28 were nonsignificant (0.02\u2009\u00b1\u20091.65 vs. \u22120.03\u2009\u00b1\u20091.02;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.90). TEWL changes for Days 0\u201314 (0.31\u2009\u00b1\u20094.75 vs. 1.09\u2009\u00b1\u20096.21\u2009g\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/h) and to Day 28 (5.49\u2009\u00b1\u200914.43 vs. \u22120.27\u2009\u00b1\u20095.28\u2009g\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/h) showed no between\u2010group differences. Hydration changes were similar for Days 0\u201314 (5.53\u2009\u00b1\u200913.23 vs. 6.14\u2009\u00b1\u20097.96\u2009AU) and to Day 28 (18.41\u2009\u00b1\u200910.33 vs. 21.09\u2009\u00b1\u200911.07\u2009AU). No serious adverse events or discontinuations for worsening symptoms occurred. Under standardized, low\u2010irritant conditions, the FB shower was well\u2010tolerated by adults with mild AD and did not worsen severity or barrier indices over 4\u2009weeks. However, the superiority of FB to a conventional shower was not demonstrated.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.70117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T12:15:37Z","timestamp":1765973737000},"page":"447-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Safety Evaluation of Fine Bubble Shower Washing for Patients With Atopic Dermatitis: A Double\u2010Blind, Randomized, Prospective Crossover Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0807-1375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9379-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Risa","family":"Tamagawa\u2010Mineoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Nakatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Graduate School of Medical Science Nagoya City University  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Graduate School of Medical Science Nagoya City University  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0961-6007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukiko","family":"Yasui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5916-6791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasumi","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motoki","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ako","family":"Kurachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MTG Co., Ltd  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soshi","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MTG Co., Ltd  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8372-3754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akimichi","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082671"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2018.77056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.105524"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346\u20108138.15504"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135487"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1483000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13245"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525\u20101470.2009.00887.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S532670"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1346-8138.70117","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1346-8138.70117","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1346-8138.70117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T06:18:13Z","timestamp":1774678693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1346-8138.70117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1346-8138.70117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1346-8138.70117","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0385-2407","1346-8138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0385-2407","type":"print"},{"value":"1346-8138","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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