{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:19:51Z","timestamp":1787635191838,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031526","name":"Jinan Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\u2010BD\u20101\u201010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\u2010BD\u20101\u201010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031526","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Dermatology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common benign vascular tumor of infancy. While its epidemiology is well\u2010documented in Caucasian populations, large\u2010scale systematic studies regarding clinical characteristics and risk factors in the Chinese population remain limited. This study aims to elucidate the clinical features of IH in Chinese children and investigate risk factors associated with its development. A retrospective case\u2013control study was conducted at the Children's Hospital of Shandong University involving children under 3\u2009years of age treated between January and December 2024, including 1 841 children with IH (case group) and 1 894 contemporaneous non\u2010IH patients (control group). Clinical phenotypes were analyzed, and potential risk factors were screened using univariate analysis followed by multivariate logistic regression to identify independent determinants. The cohort exhibited a female predominance (male\u2010to\u2010female ratio 1:1.88), with the head and neck being the most common lesion site (46.7%). Multivariate analysis identified multiple gestation (\n                    <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094.50, 95%\n                    <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 3.55\u20135.70) as the strongest independent risk factor, followed by female gender (\n                    <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092.72), progestogen therapy (\n                    <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092.25), low birth weight (\n                    <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092.11), preterm birth (\n                    <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.65), and pregnancy\u2010related diseases (\n                    <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.57). Notably, breastfeeding was identified as an independent protective factor against IH (\n                    <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.76, 95%\n                    <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 0.58\u20130.99), whereas caesarean section was not significantly associated with IH risk. This study confirms that IH pathogenesis in the Chinese population is multifactorial, strongly associated with female gender, intrauterine hypoxia (multiple gestation, pregnancy\u2010related diseases), and perinatal hormone exposure. The protective effect of breastfeeding suggests a potential avenue for risk mitigation, and these findings provide epidemiological evidence to support early risk stratification and surveillance strategies for high\u2010risk infants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.70446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:59:24Z","timestamp":1787633964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influencing Factors Associated With Infantile Hemangioma: A Case\u2013Control Study Among Chinese Pediatric Populations"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5164-4148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University  Jinan China"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology Jinan Children's Hospital  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0462-1336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University  Jinan China"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology Jinan Children's Hospital  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University  Jinan China"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology Jinan Children's Hospital  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University  Jinan China"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology Jinan Children's Hospital  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University  Jinan China"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology Jinan Children's Hospital  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10089","key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00645-0","article-title":"Infantile haemangioma","volume":"390","author":"L\u00e9aut\u00e9\u2010Labr\u00e8ze C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17062","article-title":"The Prevalence, Complications, and Risk Factors for Infantile Hemangioma: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"63","author":"Sun Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.210234","article-title":"Vascular Anomaly Syndromes in the ISSVA Classification System: Imaging Findings and Role of Interventional Radiology in Management","volume":"42","author":"Wang M. X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.024","article-title":"Increasing Incidence of Infantile Hemangiomas (IH) Over the Past 35\u2009Years: Correlation With Decreasing Gestational Age at Birth and Birth Weight","volume":"74","author":"Anderson K. R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2011.01568.x","article-title":"A Prospective Study of Infantile Hemangiomas With a Focus on Incidence and Risk Factors","volume":"28","author":"Dickison P.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatric Dermatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-019-00327-2","article-title":"Risk Factors for Infantile Hemangioma: A Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Ding Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12804","article-title":"Prospective Study of Infantile Haemangiomas: Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Association With Placental Anomalies","volume":"170","author":"Munden A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-022-00756-4","article-title":"Maternal and Perinatal Risk Factors for Infantile Hemangioma: A Matched Case\u2010Control Study With a Large Sample Size","volume":"12","author":"Gong X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther. (Heidelb.)"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.10.047","article-title":"Prenatal Risk Factors for Infantile Hemangioma Development","volume":"137","author":"Hunjan M. K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211056844","article-title":"Treatment Patterns and Outcomes in Children With Infantile Hemangiomas: A Retrospective Observational Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Cai Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1662381","article-title":"Machine Learning Identifies Immune\u2010Perinatal Predictors of Infantile Hemangioma","volume":"13","author":"Wu D.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","first-page":"1397","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Infantile Hemangioma From the Primary Care Paediatricians to the Specialist: A Narrative Review","volume":"11","author":"Bellinato F.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI172836","article-title":"Infantile Hemangioma: The Common and Enigmatic Vascular Tumor","volume":"134","author":"Holm A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","first-page":"669","article-title":"The Potential Role of Progesterone During Pregnancy as an Induction of Infantile Hemangioma","volume":"20","author":"Mai H. M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","first-page":"4159","article-title":"Infantile Hemangiomas: A Dermatologist's Perspective","volume":"183","author":"Sharma A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.02.015","article-title":"Possibilities and Potential Roles of Estrogen in the Pathogenesis of Proliferation Hemangiomas Formation","volume":"71","author":"Sun Z. Y.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12435","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Infantile Haemangioma","volume":"169","author":"Greenberger S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.150284","article-title":"Hypoxia\u2010Induced Mediators of Stem\/Progenitor Cell Trafficking Are Increased in Children With Hemangioma","volume":"27","author":"Kleinman M. E.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204631","article-title":"Infantile Hemangiomas: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"10","author":"Kowalska M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1023","article-title":"Infantile Hemangiomas: An Updated Review on Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, and Treatment","volume":"109","author":"Smith C. J. F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth Defects Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-016-1635-x","article-title":"Does Hypoxia Play a Role in Infantile Hemangioma?","volume":"308","author":"de Jong S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatological Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","article-title":"Postnatal Changes of Renin and Aldosterone in Term and Preterm Infants From Birth to Day 5","volume":"14","author":"Imagawa Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F359","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.089573","article-title":"Plasma Angiotensin II Concentrations in the Early Neonatal Period","volume":"91","author":"Miyawaki M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000170","article-title":"Current Trends in Medical Management of Infantile Hemangioma","volume":"23","author":"Ames J. A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2024.101","article-title":"The Fascinating Interplay Between Growth Hormone, Insulin\u2010Like Growth Factor\u20101, and Insulin","volume":"39","author":"Nijenhuis\u2010Noort E. C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14050975","article-title":"Hypoxia\u2010Inducible Pathway Polymorphisms and Their Role in the Complications of Prematurity","volume":"14","author":"Strauss E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","first-page":"569","article-title":"miR\u2010139\u20105p Affects Cell Proliferation, Migration and Adipogenesis by Targeting Insulin\u2010Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor in Hemangioma Stem Cells","volume":"45","author":"Wu Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.849012","article-title":"Human Breast Milk: From Food to Active Immune Response With Disease Protection in Infants and Mothers","volume":"13","author":"Lokossou G. A. G.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060775","article-title":"Anti\u2010Angiogenic Property of Free Human Oligosaccharides","volume":"11","author":"Bae B.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091332","article-title":"Human Milk Casein and Whey Protein and Infant Body Composition Over the First 12 Months of Lactation","volume":"10","author":"Gridneva Z.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"48","key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10464","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b03390","article-title":"Lactoferrin Exerts Antitumor Effects by Inhibiting Angiogenesis in a HT29 Human Colon Tumor Model","volume":"65","author":"Li H. Y.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2767","article-title":"Growth Characteristics of Infantile Hemangiomas: Implications for Management","volume":"122","author":"Chang L. C.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020425","article-title":"The Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Management of Infantile Hemangiomas\u2010A Comprehensive Review","volume":"14","author":"Re\u0161i\u0107 A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","volume-title":"Periocular Capillary Infantile Hemangiomas","author":"Koka K.","year":"2026"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2012.04397.x","article-title":"Topical Breast Milk May Promote Healing of Ulceration in Infantile Haemangiomas","volume":"37","author":"Laws P. M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10211-2","article-title":"Breastfeeding Practice in China From 2013 to 2018: A Study From a National Dynamic Follow\u2010Up Surveillance","volume":"21","author":"Kang L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1346-8138.70446","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1346-8138.70446","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1346-8138.70446","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:59:29Z","timestamp":1787633969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1346-8138.70446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1346-8138.70446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1346-8138.70446","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0385-2407","1346-8138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0385-2407","type":"print"},{"value":"1346-8138","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1346-8138.70446"}}