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The first involves residual virulence for animals and humans and the second is the inability to differentiate natural infection from that caused by vaccination. Therefore, <jats:italic>Brucella melitensis<\/jats:italic> 16M <jats:italic>hfq<\/jats:italic> mutant (16M\u0394<jats:italic>hfq<\/jats:italic>) was constructed to overcome these drawbacks. Similarly to Rev.1 and M5\u201090, 16M\u0394<jats:italic>hfq<\/jats:italic> reduces survival in macrophages and mice and induces strong protective immunity in BALB\/c mice. Moreover, these vaccines elicit anti\u2010<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\u2010specific IgG1 and IgG2a subtype responses and induce secretion of gamma interferon and interleukin\u20104. The Hfq antigen also allows serological differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. These results show that 16M\u0394<jats:italic>hfq<\/jats:italic> is an ideal live attenuated vaccine candidate against virulent <jats:italic>Brucella melitensis<\/jats:italic> 16M infection. It will be further evaluated in sheep.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,3]],"date-time":"2013-05-03T12:08:41Z","timestamp":1367582921000},"page":"502-510","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["<i>Brucella melitensis<\/i> 16<scp>M<\/scp>\u0394<i>hfq<\/i> attenuation confers protection against wild\u2010type challenge in <scp>BALB<\/scp>\/c mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Junbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University North 4 Road Shihezi 832003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Shihezi University North 4 Road Shihezi 832003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuangfu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University North 4 Road Shihezi 832003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University North 4 Road Shihezi 832003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University North 4 Road Shihezi 832003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Shihezi University North 4 Road Shihezi 832003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University North 4 Road Shihezi 832003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University North 4 Road Shihezi 832003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuefeng","family":"li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University North 4 Road Shihezi 832003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangde","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University North 4 Road Shihezi 832003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University North 4 Road Shihezi 832003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University North 4 Road Shihezi 832003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00367-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00226-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00088-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.73.2.211-217.1957","article-title":"Immunization against Brucella infection. 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