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Colonization with <jats:italic>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:italic> may play a role in COPD pathogenesis; however, the mechanisms by which such colonization contributes to COPD are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine lung gene expression profiles associated with <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic> colonization in patients with COPD to identify potential key pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. Using COPD lung tissue samples made available through the Lung Tissue Research Consortium (LTRC), <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic> colonization status was determined by nested PCR. Microarray gene expression profiles were performed for each sample and the profiles of colonized and non\u2010colonized samples compared. Overall, 18 participants (8.5%) were <jats:italic>Pneumocystis\u2010<\/jats:italic>colonized. <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic> colonization was associated with fold increase in expression of four closely related genes: INF\u2010\u03b3 and the three chemokine ligands CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11. These ligands are chemoattractants for the common cognate receptor CXCR3, which is predominantly expressed on activated Th1 T\u2010lymphocytes. Although these ligand\u2013receptor pairs have previously been implicated in COPD pathogenesis, few initiators of ligand expression and subsequent lymphocyte trafficking have been identified: our findings implicate <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic> as a potential trigger. The finding of upregulation of these inflammatory genes in the setting of <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic> colonization sheds light on infectious\u2010immune relationships in COPD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,18]],"date-time":"2014-01-18T01:42:00Z","timestamp":1390009320000},"page":"202-211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["<i>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/i> colonization is associated with enhanced Th1 inflammatory gene expression in lungs of humans with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Meghan E.","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Pittsburgh 3459 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Tedrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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