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When immunized with FMDV antigen emulsified in an SO\u2010GS\u2010R formulation, mice generated remarkably higher serum antibody and cytokine responses than mice immunized with FMDV antigen alone. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the adjuvant effect of SO\u2010GS\u2010R, we measured cytokines in serum and muscle tissue after intramuscular injection of SO\u2010GS\u2010R. The results showed that injection of SO\u2010GS\u2010R significantly increased the levels of IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20105, IL\u20106, G\u2010CSF, KC, MCP\u20101, MIP\u20101\u03b1, and MIP\u20101\u03b2 in both serum and muscle. These results suggested that SO\u2010GS\u2010R recruits neutrophils, eosinophils, T cells and macrophages, causing immune cell recruitment at the injection site, driving antigen\u2010presenting cells to actively participate in the onset of immunity, and amplifying the immune responses. Considering its adjuvant activity and plant\u2010derived properties, SO\u2010GS\u2010R should be further studied for its adjuvant effect on vaccines used in food animals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]],"date-time":"2017-12-27T10:32:38Z","timestamp":1514370758000},"page":"187-194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Soybean oil containing ginseng saponins as adjuvants promotes production of cytokines and enhances immune responses to foot\u2010and\u2010mouth disease vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Cenrong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University 866 Yu Hang Tang Rd Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary 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