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The essential virulence, infected host and external environmental factors required for invasive GAS infections have not yet been determined. Superinfection with influenza virus and GAS induced invasive GAS infections was demonstrated by our team in a mouse model, after which clinical cases of invasive GAS infections secondary to influenza virus infection were reported by other investigators in Japan, USA, Canada, UK China, and other countries. However, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying influenza virus\u2010GAS superinfection are not yet fully understood. The present review describes the current knowledge about invasive GAS infections by superinfection. Topics addressed include the bacteriological, virological and immunological mechanisms impacting invasion upon superinfection on top of underlying influenza virus infection by GAS and other bacteria (i.e.,\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Future prospects are also discussed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T14:30:21Z","timestamp":1517236221000},"page":"141-149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Pathogenic mechanisms of invasive group A\n                    <i>Streptococcus<\/i>\n                    infections by influenza virus\u2013group A\n                    <i>Streptococcus<\/i>\n                    superinfection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Shigefumi","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University 5\u201011\u201080 Kodatsuno Kanazawa Ishikawa 920\u20100942 Japan"},{"name":"Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University 5\u201011\u201080 Kodatsuno Kanazawa Ishikawa 920\u20100942 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Nagase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University 5\u201011\u201080 Kodatsuno Kanazawa Ishikawa 920\u20100942 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655400459504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00160-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514543"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03027968"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI11972"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198907063210101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/16.6.792"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.7.4104-4112.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00342"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814001265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.5.1159"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07371-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.1.186-192.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268803001262"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2017.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","volume-title":"Streptococcus 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