{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:14:17Z","timestamp":1790234057733,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,21]],"date-time":"2018-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18fm0108001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18fm0108001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p><jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic> O1 causes cholera, and cholera toxin, the principal mediator of massive diarrhea, is encoded by <jats:italic>ctxAB<\/jats:italic> in the cholera toxin (CTX) prophage. In this study, the structures of the CTX prophage region of <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> strains isolated during the seventh pandemic wave 1 in Asian countries were determined and compared. Eighteen strains were categorized into eight groups by CTX prophage region\u2010specific restriction fragment length polymorphism and PCR profiles and the structure of the region of a representative strain from each group was determined by DNA sequencing. Eight representative strains revealed eight distinct CTX prophage regions with various combinations of CTX\u20101, RS1 and a novel genomic island on chromosome I. CTX prophage regions carried by the wave 1 strains were diverse in structure. <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> strains with an area specific CTX prophage region are believed to circulate in South\u2010East Asian countries; additionally, multiple strains with distinct types of CTX prophage region are co\u2010circulating in the area. Analysis of a phylogenetic tree generated by single nucleotide polymorphism differences across 2483 core genes revealed that <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> strains categorized in the same group based on CTX prophage region structure were segregated in closer clusters. CTX prophage region\u2010specific recombination events or gain and loss of genomic elements within the region may have occurred at much higher frequencies and contributed to producing a panel of CTX prophage regions with distinct structures among <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> pathogenic strains in lineages with close genetic backgrounds in the early wave 1 period of the seventh cholera pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,13]],"date-time":"2018-09-13T13:09:36Z","timestamp":1536844176000},"page":"635-650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comparative analyses of CTX prophage region of <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i> seventh pandemic wave 1 strains isolated in Asia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Tho Duc","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leading Program Graduate 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