{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T19:18:38Z","timestamp":1776712718616,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]],"date-time":"2019-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Success in eradication of <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> is declining globally because <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> has developed resistance against most of the antibiotics proposed for eradication regimens, mainly through point mutations. The present study included 200 patients with dyspepsia attending Taif Hospital. Gastric biopsies were obtained during gastroscopy and subjected to rapid urease testing<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> Molecular methods were used to confirm diagnoses of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection and to identify resistance gene variants of four antibiotics; namely, clarithromycin, metronidazole, fluoroquinolones and tetracycline (23S <jats:italic>rRNA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>gyrA, rdxA<\/jats:italic> and 16S <jats:italic>rRNA<\/jats:italic> respectively). Of all investigated patients, Molecular diagnoses were made in 143 of all investigated patients; thus, the prevalence was .5%. The overall rate of resistance to clarithromycin among the <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\u2010positive patients was high (39.9%) and the rate of resistance significantly greater (48.2%) among the secondary resistance group, secondary resistance being defined as resistance as a result of previous exposure to the relevant antibiotic. The rate of resistance to fluoroquinolones was considered moderate; the difference in rate of resistance between the primary and secondary resistance groups (8.4% and 9.5%, respectively) was not significant Also, there was a low prevalence of both primary and the secondary tetracycline resistance in the study cohort. In contrast, the prevalence of metronidazole resistance was considered high with no significant difference between the two resistance groups. <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> showed an increased prevalence of resistance to all four of the commonly used therapeutic agents. Thus, eradication therapy should be based on the regional results of susceptibility testing. Moreover, treatment tailored according to individually determined <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> susceptibility may be a reasonable future goal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T09:26:48Z","timestamp":1556789208000},"page":"199-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Molecular diagnosis of <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> antibiotic resistance in the Taif region, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1020-1757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad M.","family":"Eed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University Taif Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine Menoufia University  Al Menoufia 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