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In this study, the effect of ginseng stem and leaf saponins (GSLS) in combination with selenium (Se; in the form of sodium selenite) on vaccination against attenuated pseudorabies virus (aPrV) was evaluated. It was found that GSLS and Se have an adjuvant effect and that a combination of GSLS and Se stimulates significantly enhanced immune responses than does GSLS or Se alone. Following oral administration of GSLS, mice immunized with an attenuated PrV vaccine diluted in Se\u2010containing physiological saline solution (PSS) provoked a significantly stronger gB\u2010specific serum antibodies response (IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a), enhanced lymphocyte proliferation and cytolytic activity of NK cells, along with higher production of cytokines (IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u201012, IL\u20105 and IL\u201010) by splenocytes. Notably, the combination of GSLS and Se conferred a much higher resistance to fPrV challenge after immunization of the mice with aPrV vaccine. This study offers convincing experimental evidence that an injection of Se with oral GSLS is a promising adjuvant combination that improves the efficacy of vaccination against PrV and deserves further study regarding improvement of responses to other animal vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T13:48:30Z","timestamp":1559137710000},"page":"269-279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ginseng stem\u2010leaf saponins in combination with selenium enhance immune responses to an attenuated pseudorabies virus vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8197-3119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babar","family":"Maqbool","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University 866 Yu 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