{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:29:43Z","timestamp":1773923383200,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]],"date-time":"2019-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Macrolides may attenuate airway inflammation of bronchiolitis with anti\u2010inflammatory and antiviral effects. However, the potential mechanisms of action underlying the efficiency of macrolides in treating bronchiolitis are limited. Therefore, we performed a meta\u2010analysis to assess the effects of macrolides on airway microbiome and cytokine of children with bronchiolitis. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched until May 2018. The reference lists of included studies and pertinent reviews were investigated for supplementing our search. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared macrolides with placebo assessing the change of microbiome in airway and cytokine were included. A total of four RCTs were included in this review. Data analysis showed no significant reduction of viruses at 48\u2009hr after azithromycin treatment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.41). There were significant reductions in <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (risk ratio [RR] 0.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14 to 0.6, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenza<\/jats:italic> (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.62, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and <jats:italic>Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic> (RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), but no significant reduction of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.28) following treatment with macrolides. There was a significant decrease in the serum interleukin\u20108(IL\u20108), interleukin\u20104(IL\u20104), and eotaxin levels following 3 weeks of clarithromycin therapy. There was no significant difference in the serum IL\u20108 level at Day 15 after the intervention between the azithromycin and control groups; however, a significant reduction of nasal lavage IL\u20108 level was found. The macrolides may reduce the IL\u20108 levels in the airway and plasma, but failed to demonstrate an antiviral effect in children with bronchiolitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T12:38:32Z","timestamp":1562589512000},"page":"343-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of macrolides on airway microbiome and cytokine of children with bronchiolitis: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Yin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Department Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Department Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1920-9317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jilei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Department Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60206-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1413456"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2742"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31829061e8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3180618c42"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02780.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.6.9707163"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_1_10_1","first-page":"CD005189","article-title":"Antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children under two years of age","volume":"10","author":"Farley R","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00531-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200x.2005.02039.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_14_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Effects of various drugs on IL\u20108 production by eosinophils collected from patients with allergic inflammation","volume":"51","author":"Koyama T","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jpn J Antibiot"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-90"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1917"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00095809"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7304.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_23_1","unstructured":"The Nordic Cochrane Centre.(2014) The Cochrane Collaboration. 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