{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T07:10:42Z","timestamp":1775027442618,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kenya is endemic for cholera with different waves of outbreaks having been documented since 1971. In recent years, new variants of <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic> O1 have emerged and have replaced most of the traditional El Tor biotype globally. These strains also appear to have increased virulence, and it is important to describe and document their phenotypic and genotypic traits. This study characterized 146 <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> O1 isolates from cholera outbreaks that occurred in Kenya between 1975 and 2017. Our study reports that the 1975\u20131984 strains had typical classical or El Tor biotype characters. New variants of <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> O1 having traits of both classical and El Tor biotypes were observed from 2007 with all strains isolated between 2015 and 2017 being sensitive to polymyxin B and carrying both classical and El Tor type <jats:italic>ctxB<\/jats:italic>. All strains were resistant to Phage IV and harbored <jats:italic>rstR, rtxC, hlyA, rtxA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>tcpA<\/jats:italic> genes specific for El Tor biotype indicating that the strains had an El Tor backbone. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotyping differentiated the isolates into 14 pulsotypes. The clustering also corresponded with the year of isolation signifying that the cholera outbreaks occurred as separate waves of different genetic fingerprints exhibiting different genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. The emergence and prevalence of <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> O1 strains carrying El Tor type and classical type <jats:italic>ctxB<\/jats:italic> in Kenya are reported. These strains have replaced the typical El Tor biotype in Kenya and are potentially more virulent and easily transmitted within the population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]],"date-time":"2019-08-13T04:20:22Z","timestamp":1565670022000},"page":"350-358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Characterization of <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i> O1 isolates responsible for cholera outbreaks in Kenya between 1975 and 2017"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9932-2453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Bundi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, NUITM\u2010KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University  Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biosafety Training and Accreditation National Biosafety Authority  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Monir","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, NUITM\u2010KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University  Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Odoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, NUITM\u2010KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyrus","family":"Kathiiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, NUITM\u2010KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernest","family":"Wandera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, NUITM\u2010KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Miring'u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, NUITM\u2010KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sora","family":"Guyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, NUITM\u2010KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Langat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Surveillance and Response Unit Ministry of Health  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouichi","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Ichinose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, NUITM\u2010KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University  Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad5901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00611-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Cholera country profile: Kenya.2010.https:\/\/www.who.int\/cholera\/countries\/KenyaCountryProfile2010.pdf?ua=1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.527"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6503a7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169324"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_9_1","first-page":"695","article-title":"Biotyping of Vibrio cholerae O1: time to redefine the scheme","volume":"128","author":"Raychoudhuri A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.042667999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01304-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2008.00041.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.6.2421-2429.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.3911758.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.24.6992-6998.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46689-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3296-3299.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_19_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Phenotypic and genetic characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated from various regions of Kenya between 2007 and 2010","author":"Mercy N","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.30.279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.23.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_22_1","first-page":"347","article-title":"Studies on the haemolytic activity of El Tor vibrios","volume":"28","author":"Feeley JC","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_23_1","first-page":"333","article-title":"The bacteriophage\u2010susceptibility test in differentiating Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio El Tor","volume":"28","author":"Mukerjee S.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_24_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Manual for Laboratory Investigations of Acute Enteric Infections. Programme for Control of Diarrhoeal Disease (CDD\/83.3 Rev. 1 1987) Geneva: World Health Organization 1987."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_25_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Haemagglutinating activity of El Tor vibrios and its nature","volume":"53","author":"Barua D","year":"1965","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4145-4151.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90430-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02040-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-009-0292-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.7.2594-2597.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_31_1","first-page":"6A.5","article-title":"Detection, isolation, and identification of Vibrio cholerae from the environment","author":"Huq A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.3.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_33_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"The characterization of Vibrio cholerae isolated in Kenya in 1983","volume":"89","author":"Ichinose Y","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1501.080543"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.1.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m95-131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4249-4253.2000","article-title":"Emergence of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor serotype Inaba from the prevailing O1 Ogawa serotype strains in India","volume":"38","author":"Garg P1","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818364.ch6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb06993.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2016.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10392"}],"container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1348-0421.12731","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1348-0421.12731","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1348-0421.12731","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T02:32:55Z","timestamp":1694313175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1348-0421.12731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1348-0421.12731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1348-0421.12731","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0385-5600","1348-0421"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0385-5600","type":"print"},{"value":"1348-0421","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-01-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}