{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:19:06Z","timestamp":1783455546519,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP26340039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP26340039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Streptolysin O (SLO) is a bacterial pore\u2010forming toxin that is employed to permeabilize cell membranes in some biological experiments. SLO forms various types of pores with different shapes, increasing membrane ion permeability and subsequently inducing changes in membrane potential. To characterize the pores formed by SLO, the changes in membrane potential induced by SLO in rat lymphocytes were considered using flow cytometry with a voltage\u2010sensitive fluorescent probe, bis\u2010(1,3\u2010dibutylbarbituric acid)trimethine oxonol (Oxonol). SLO caused three types of membrane potential responses accessed with Oxonol. One type induces a great decrease in Oxonol fluorescence (large hyperpolarization) that may be elicited via the increase of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010dependent K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> permeability by SLO\u2010induced influx of external Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>. A second type is an increase in Oxonol fluorescence (depolarization) that may be caused by a nonspecific increase in membrane cation permeability. The third type is a small decrease in Oxonol fluorescence (small hyperpolarization), probably via an increase in Cl<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup> permeability. That SLO transitionally changes membrane ion permeability may have implications in the pathology of pyogenic group streptococci infections in which SLO is thought to be one of the key virulence factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T09:33:41Z","timestamp":1570181621000},"page":"10-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Change in membrane potential induced by streptolysin O, a pore\u2010forming toxin: flow cytometric analysis using a voltage\u2010sensitive fluorescent probe and rat thymic lymphocytes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Miho","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science Tokushima University Tokushima Tokushima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madoka","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Tokushima University Tokushima Tokushima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry Tokushima University Tokushima Tokushima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Kamemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food\u2010Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences Tokushima Bunri University Tokushima Tokushima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Nagamune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences Tokushima University Tokushima Tokushima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4896-1738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsushi","family":"Tabata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences Tokushima University Tokushima Tokushima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"328","article-title":"Pore\u2010forming toxins: attack and defence at the cell surface","volume":"6","author":"Bashford CL","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Biol Mol Lett"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2015.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)38936-6","article-title":"Minimal requirements for exocytosis. 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