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However, some animal studies have suggested that inadequate immunization against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS\u2010CoV) induces a lung eosinophilic immunopathology upon infection. The present study evaluated two kinds of vaccine adjuvants for use with recombinant S protein: gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which are expected to function as both an antigen carrier and an adjuvant in immunization; and Toll\u2010like receptor (TLR) agonists, which have previously been shown to be an effective adjuvant in an ultraviolet\u2010inactivated SARS\u2010CoV vaccine. All the mice immunized with more than 0.5\u2009\u00b5g S protein without adjuvant escaped from SARS after infection with mouse\u2010adapted SARS\u2010CoV; however, eosinophilic infiltrations were observed in the lungs of almost all the immunized mice. The AuNP\u2010adjuvanted protein induced a strong IgG response but failed to improve vaccine efficacy or to reduce eosinophilic infiltration because of highly allergic inflammatory responses. Whereas similar virus titers were observed in the control animals and the animals immunized with S protein with or without AuNPs, Type 1 interferon and pro\u2010inflammatory responses were moderate in the mice treated with S protein with and without AuNPs. On the other hand, the TLR agonist\u2010adjuvanted vaccine induced highly protective antibodies without eosinophilic infiltrations, as well as Th1\/17 cytokine responses. The findings of this study will support the development of vaccines against severe pneumonia\u2010associated coronaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T12:31:39Z","timestamp":1573043499000},"page":"33-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Gold nanoparticle\u2010adjuvanted S protein induces a strong antigen\u2010specific IgG response against severe acute respiratory syndrome\u2010related coronavirus infection, but fails to induce protective antibodies and limit eosinophilic infiltration in lungs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Hanako","family":"Sekimukai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology National Institute of Infectious Diseases  Musashimurayama Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Tissue Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture Tokyo University of 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