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Moreover, the chromosomal K1 \u03b2\u2010lactamase (KOXY) of <jats:italic>Klebsiella oxytoca<\/jats:italic> was found to belong to the class A \u03b2\u2010lactamases that include LEN\u20101 and TEM\u20101, although KOXY can hydrolyze cefoperazone (CPZ) like the chromosomal AmpC\u2010type cephalosporinases of various <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> that can hydrolyze several cephalosporins including CPZ. Furthermore, my collaborators and I found plural novel serine\u2010type \u03b2\u2010lactamases, such as MOX\u20101, SHV\u201024, TEM\u201091, CTX\u2010M\u201064, CMY\u20109, CMY\u201019, GES\u20103, GES\u20104, and TLA\u20103, mediated by plasmids. Besides these serine\u2010type \u03b2\u2010lactamases, we also first identified exogenously acquired metallo\u2010\u03b2\u2010lactamases (MBLs), IMP\u20101 and SMB\u20101, in imipenem\u2010resistant <jats:italic>Serratia marcescens<\/jats:italic>, and the IMP\u20101\u2010producing <jats:italic>S. marcescens<\/jats:italic> TN9106 became the index case for carbapenemase\u2010producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>. I developed the sodium mercaptoacetic acid (SMA)\u2010disk test for the simple identification of MBL\u2010producing bacteria. We were also the first to identify a variety of plasmid\u2010mediated 16<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic> ribosomal RNA methyltransferases, RmtA, RmtB, RmtC, and NpmA, from various Gram\u2010negative bacteria that showed very high levels of resistance to a wide range of aminoglycosides. Furthermore, we first found plasmid\u2010mediated quinolone efflux pump (QepA) and fosfomycin\u2010inactivating enzymes (FosA3 and FosK). We also first characterized penicillin reduced susceptible <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>, macrolide\u2010resistant <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, as well as <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>, together with carbapenem\u2010resistant <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>. We constructed a PCR\u2010based open reading frame typing method for rapid identification of <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic> international clones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T10:59:51Z","timestamp":1582023591000},"page":"231-251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Systematic research to overcome newly emerged multidrug\u2010resistant bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Yoshichika","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine  Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_21_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08941939.2012.664099"},{"key":"e_1_2_21_3_1","first-page":"753","article-title":"Kasugamycin, a new antibiotic","volume":"5","author":"Umezawa H","year":"1965","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_21_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1971.0099"},{"key":"e_1_2_21_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090817-062329"},{"key":"e_1_2_21_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/e373"},{"key":"e_1_2_21_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8020045"},{"key":"e_1_2_21_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_21_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.1.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_21_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.1.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_21_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12342"},{"key":"e_1_2_21_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.2.349"},{"key":"e_1_2_21_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/37.3.433"},{"key":"e_1_2_21_14_1","unstructured":"Antimicrobial resistance.World Antibiotic Awareness Week2018. 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