{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:57:21Z","timestamp":1740149841724,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antigen\u2010specific CD8+ T\u2010lymphocytes (cytotoxic T\u2010lymphocytes: CTL), as well as CD4+ T\u2010lymphocytes (helper T\u2010lymphocytes: Th), simultaneously play an important role in the elimination of intracellular bacteria such as <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>. Administration of T\u2010cell epitope short peptide needs large numbers of peptides for effective vaccination due to its easily degradable nature in vivo. In this respect, biocompatible and biodegradable microparticles combined with CTL\/Th\u2010hybrid epitope long peptide (long peptide) have been used to diminish the degradation of loaded peptide. The aim of this study is to develop a novel T cell\u2010oriented vaccine against intracellular bacteria that is composed of long peptide and poly (lactic\u2010co\u2010glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles. Mouse bone marrow\u2010derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were loaded with <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> listeriolysin O (LLO)\u2010derived or ovalbumin (OVA)\u2010derived long peptide\/PLGA or other comparative antigens. The antigen\u2010loaded BMDCs were injected subcutaneously into the flank of mice twice, and then, the spleens were collected and lymphocyte proliferation and interferon\u2010\u03b3 production were evaluated. The median diameter of the PLGA spheres was 1.38\u2009\u03bcm. Both LLO\u2010 and OVA\u2010long peptide\/PLGA showed significantly more robust CTL and Th proliferations with higher interferon\u2010\u03b3 production than the long peptide alone or CTL and Th short peptides\/PLGA vaccination. Furthermore, the LLO\u2010long peptide\/PLGA vaccination showed a significantly lower bacterial burden in spleens compared with the long peptide alone or the CTL and Th short peptides\/PLGA vaccination after the challenge of lethal amounts of <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>. These results suggest that the novel vaccine taking advantages of CTL\/Th\u2010hybrid epitope long peptide and PLGA microparticle is effective for protection against intracellular bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T19:28:50Z","timestamp":1597260530000},"page":"666-678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of a novel T cell\u2010oriented vaccine using CTL\/Th\u2010hybrid epitope long peptide and biodegradable microparticles, against an intracellular bacterium"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine Hamamatsu University School of Medicine  Hamamatsu 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