{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T14:30:12Z","timestamp":1762353012114,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We previously isolated a symbiotic environmental amoeba, harboring an environmental chlamydia, <jats:italic>Neochlamydia<\/jats:italic> S13. Interestingly, this bacterium failed to survive outside of host cells and was immediately digested inside other amoebae, indicating bacterial distribution via cytokinesis. This may provide a model for understanding organelle development and chlamydial pathogenesis and evolution; therefore, we assessed our hypothesis of <jats:italic>Neochlamydia<\/jats:italic> S13 distribution via cytokinesis by comparative analysis with other environmental Chlamydiae (<jats:italic>Protochlamydia<\/jats:italic> R18 and <jats:italic>Parachlamydia<\/jats:italic> Bn<jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>). Dual staining with 4\u2032,6\u2010diamidino\u20102\u2010phenylindole and phalloidin revealed that the progeny of <jats:italic>Neochlamydia<\/jats:italic> S13 and <jats:italic>Protochlamydia<\/jats:italic> R18 existed in both daughter cells with a contractile ring on the verge of separation. However, in contrast to other environmental Chlamydiae, little <jats:italic>Neochlamydia<\/jats:italic> S13 16S ribosomal DNA was amplified from the culture supernatant. Interestingly, <jats:italic>Neochlamydia<\/jats:italic> S13 failed to infect aposymbiotic amoebae, indicating an intimate interaction with the host cells. Furthermore, its infectious rates in cultures expanded from a single amoeba were always maintained at 100%, indicating distribution via cytokinesis. We concluded that unlike other environmental Chlamydiae, <jats:italic>Neochlamydia<\/jats:italic> S13 has a unique ability to divide its progeny only via host amoebal cytokinesis. This may be a suitable model to elucidate the mechanism of cell organelle distribution and of chlamydial pathogenesis and evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]],"date-time":"2020-12-27T08:34:24Z","timestamp":1609058064000},"page":"115-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distribution of amoebal endosymbiotic environmental chlamydia <i>Neochlamydia<\/i> S13 via amoebal cytokinesis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Miho","family":"Okude","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junji","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"School of Medical Technology Health Sciences University of Hokkaido  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Technology Health Sciences University of Hokkaido  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Furuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, Research Center for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of 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