{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:12:01Z","timestamp":1759936321772,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21K14975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K14975"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Rhodococcus equi<\/jats:italic>is the causative agent of pyogenic pneumonia in foals, and a virulence\u2010associated protein A (VapA) encoded on the pVAPA virulence plasmid is important for its pathogenicity. In this study, we analyzed the virulence of <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic> strain U19, originally isolated in the Netherlands in 1997 and the genetic characteristics of the pVAPA_U19 plasmid. U19 expressed VapA that was regulated by temperature and pH and underwent significant intracellular proliferation in macrophages. The restriction fragment length polymorphism of pVAPA_U19 digested with <jats:italic>Eco<\/jats:italic>RI was similar to that of pREAT701 (85 kb Type I) harbored by <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic> ATCC33701, although the band pattern at 10\u201320\u2009kb differed. Whole\u2010genome sequencing showed that pVAPA_U19 was 51,684\u2009bp in length and that the <jats:italic>vapA<\/jats:italic> pathogenicity island region and the replication\/participation were almost identical to those in pREAT701. By contrast, the open reading frames (ORF26\u2013ORF45) genes of pREAT701 (approximately 29,000\u2009bp) were absent from pVAPA_U19. In this lacking region, mobility (MOB) genes, such as relaxase, which allow conjugative DNA processing, and the mating pair formation (MPF) genes, which are a form of the Type IV secretion system and provide the mating channel, were present. Coculture between U19 and five different recipient strains (two plasmid\u2010cured strains and three cryptic plasmid\u2010harboring strains) demonstrated that pVAPA_U19 could not support conjugation. Therefore, pVAPA_U19 does not differ significantly from the previously reported pVAPA in terms of virulence and plasmid replication and maintenance but is a nonmobilizable plasmid unable to cause conjugation because of the absence of genes related to MOB and MPF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T08:41:59Z","timestamp":1646988119000},"page":"307-316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["<i>Rhodococcus equi<\/i>U19 strain harbors a nonmobilizable virulence plasmid"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9278-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasunori","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Hygiene Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine Aomori 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